Biology Chapter 4: Ecosystems

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Across
  1. 2. Biome south of the boreal forest characterized by broad leveled, deciduous trees, well defined seasons, and average yearly precipitation of 75-150 cm.
  2. 4. Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain forest trees.
  3. 6. A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time.
  4. 7. Climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area.
  5. 9. Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth. This biome is home to more species than all other land biomes.
  6. 10. A biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, characterized by dwarf woody shrubs, grasses, mosses, lichens, and permafrost.
  7. 12. A layer of shorter plants that grow in the shade of a forest canopy.
  8. 15. Rich, dark organic material formed by decay of vegetable matter, essential to soil's fertility.
  9. 19. Biome where rainy seasons alternate with dry seasons. In this biome, a period of rain is followed by a prolonged period of drought.
  10. 20. Mild, moist air from the Pacific Ocean provides abundant rainfall to this biome. The forest is made up of a variety of conifers, ranging from giant redwoods, spruce, fir, and hemlock.
  11. 23. The gradual process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another, in response to natural and human disturbances, until a stable climax is established.
  12. 24. Areas covered with thick ice year round.
  13. 26. An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed, that is, no soil was initially present.
  14. 27. Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.
Down
  1. 1. A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms.
  2. 3. The biome is characterized by a semiarid climate and a mix of shrub communities and open woodlands.
  3. 5. Subsoil that is permanently frozen.
  4. 8. Biome characterized by grasses and scattered isolated trees.
  5. 11. The series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist.
  6. 13. Dense forest of evergreens located in the upper regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
  7. 14. An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
  8. 16. A relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed.
  9. 17. Term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles.
  10. 18. A dry region that on average receives less than 25 centimeters of precipitation per year.
  11. 19. Biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species.
  12. 21. Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are long enough and mild enough to allow the ground to thaw.
  13. 22. First species to populate an area during primary succession, examples include lichen.
  14. 25. The type of tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year.