BIOLOGY CROSSWORD PUZZLE

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Across
  1. 2. biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
  2. 7. three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
  3. 9. RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage
  4. 10. (also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
  5. 11. covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains, with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides
  6. 13. type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
  7. 14. storage carbohydrate in plants
  8. 15. chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
  9. 18. single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis
  10. 19. storage carbohydrate in animals
  11. 20. type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure
  12. 21. type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end
  13. 22. fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids
  14. 23. type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi
  15. 25. smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
  16. 27. regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue
  17. 32. long chain of nucleotides
  18. 34. double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell
  19. 35. secondary structure found in proteins in which “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
  20. 36. long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
  21. 37. biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods
  22. 40. bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule
  23. 41. single unit or monomer of carbohydrates
  24. 42. loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
  25. 43. (also, condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
  26. 44. reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water
Down
  1. 1. RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
  2. 3. monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for the most common 20 amino acids
  3. 4. polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell
  4. 5. linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
  5. 6. macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
  6. 8. association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
  7. 12. large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules
  8. 16. two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond
  9. 17. bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
  10. 24. long-chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
  11. 26. monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
  12. 28. process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA
  13. 29. chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
  14. 30. catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
  15. 31. type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
  16. 33. biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
  17. 36. long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
  18. 38. type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines
  19. 39. major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone