Biology Final Review

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Across
  1. 4. A genetic scenario where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype
  2. 5. An organism or agent that causes disease in another organism
  3. 10. Proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle
  4. 12. Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration and ATP production occur
  5. 15. An organism with cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists
  6. 16. A variant form of a gene that determines specific traits in an organism
  7. 17. A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells of a host
  8. 18. The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
  9. 19. body An inactivated X chromosome found in the cells of female mammals
  10. 20. Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy
  11. 21. A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA
  12. 22. The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two identical daughter cells
  13. 23. A process where cells expel materials through vesicles that merge with the plasma membrane
  14. 24. A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that specifies an amino acid or a stop signal during translation
  15. 26. A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in the body
  16. 27. A chemical reaction that breaks bonds in molecules by adding water
  17. 28. The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Down
  1. 1. A change in the DNA sequence of an organism that can lead to variation or disease
  2. 2. A type of mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
  3. 3. Large biomolecules composed of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in organisms, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural components
  4. 4. The process of using a proton gradient to produce ATP in cellular respiration or photosynthesis
  5. 6. A mutated or overexpressed gene that can transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell
  6. 7. A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four haploid cells as part of sexual reproduction
  7. 8. A unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria
  8. 9. A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame of a gene
  9. 11. The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, including catabolism and anabolism
  10. 13. A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, often found in prokaryotes
  11. 14. tension The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid due to molecular interactions, allowing it to resist external force
  12. 20. The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells during cell division
  13. 25. property A characteristic of a system that arises from the interactions of its components but is not present in the individual components