Biology Test 2

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Across
  1. 2. An unfolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron
  2. 7. a cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction, also know as actin filament.
  3. 8. a membrane bounded vesicle whose function varies in different kinds of cells.
  4. 10. one of the 2 general forms of chromatin, highly condensed DNA that appears dark in electron micrographs.
  5. 11. a hard material embedded in the cellulose matrix of vascular plant cell walls that provides structural support in terrestrial species.
  6. 12. one of the 2 general forms of chromatin, is less densely packed, appears lighter in electron micrographs.
  7. 13. major organelle found in cells of plants and algae. The site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Often contain pigments used in photosynthesis and types of pigments present can change or determine cell’s color. Possess a double-stranded DNA molecule which is circular like that of prokaryotes.
  8. 14. Filaments: a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
  9. 17. The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
  10. 20. The movement of substance across a cell membrane, with an expediture of energy against its concentration or electrochemical gradient ; mediated by specific transport proteins.
  11. 21. An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen ( H2) from various
  12. 22. typically a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane with hydrophobic regions in contact with aqueous solution on either side of the membrane.
  13. 23. transmembrane receptors that mediate attachment between cell and its surroundings. In signal transduction they pass info about the chemical composition and mechanical status of the ECM into the cell and reveal status of cell to the outside. Involved in transmitting mechanical forces across otherwise vulnerable membranes, cell signaling, regulation of cell cycle, shape, motility.
  14. 25. Nuclear membrane is studded with these large pores where passage is tightly regulated.
  15. 26. organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, carry out almost all fatty acid synthesis in plants, and are involved in plant’s immune response. A type of plastid. Capture the sun’s light energy and store it as ATP and NADPH while freeing O2 from water. Use the energy to make organic molecules from CO2 (Calvin Cycle).
  16. 30. Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division ; functions as microtubule- organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
  17. 31. studded with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear membrane.
  18. 37. glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that binds to the integrins. Exists as a protein dimer consisting for two nearly identical monomers linked by disulfide bridges. Plays a major role in cell adhesion, growth, migration and differentiation and is important for wound healing and embryonic development. Alteration has been associated with cancer and fibrosis.
Down
  1. 1. An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serve as the site of cellular respiration.
  2. 3. chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyze the synthesis.
  3. 4. a stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
  4. 5. lacks ribosomes, main functions are detoxification, lipid synthesis and sequestration of calcium.
  5. 6. a network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
  6. 9. Non-pigmented organelles found in some plant cells. Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules through the polymerization of glucose and can convert this starch back into sugar when plant needs energy. Large number found in fruit and underground storage tissues of some plants such as potato tubers. They are plastids (leucoplasts)
  7. 15. A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
  8. 16. A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as rivet.
  9. 18. to oxygen producing and then degrading
  10. 19. a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals. Main component of connective tissue and most abundant protein in mammals (25-35% of whole-body protein content).
  11. 24. located beneath the inner membrane of the nucleus, made up of lamin proteins.
  12. 27. Inside space of the ER
  13. 28. Proteins that need oligosaccharides attached to them in order to function properly.
  14. 29. The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient , from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.
  15. 31. Large complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for making proteins.
  16. 32. proteins that are heavily glycosylated. Basic unit consists of core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). Chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions due to occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups. Occur in the connective tissue.
  17. 33. A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
  18. 34. are plastids, heterogeneous organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is thought they are descended from symbiotic prokaryotes (endosymbiotic theory)
  19. 35. membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts that is the site of photosynthesis. Consist of membrane surrounding lumen. Frequently form stacks of disks called grana (singular: granum) that are connected by intergranal or stroma thylakoids which join granum stacks together as single functional compartment
  20. 36. A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important, such as hormones.