Biotechnology

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Across
  1. 2. the technique used to cure heritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes
  2. 6. study of the function of proteomes
  3. 7. a set of over- or under-expressed proteins characteristic of cells in a particular diseased tissue
  4. 9. alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism using the molecular methods of biotechnology
  5. 12. a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA
  6. 13. a species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism
  7. 14. describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species
  8. 18. an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome that is based on recombination frequencies between markers
  9. 22. the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel compounds or to perform new functions
  10. 24. a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome
  11. 25. a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules
  12. 26. an organism whose genome has been artificially changed
Down
  1. 1. cloning of entire organisms
  2. 3. a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of their ability to migrate through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current
  3. 4. the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism
  4. 5. an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends
  5. 8. in molecular biology, the process by which two single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides to form a double-stranded molecule
  6. 10. the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics
  7. 11. a form of genetic analysis that manipulates DNA to disrupt or affect the product of a gene to analyze the gene’s function
  8. 15. a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature
  9. 16. a representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers
  10. 17. identifying gene variants in an individual that may lead to a genetic disease in that individual
  11. 19. a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome; plasmids code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications
  12. 20. the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species
  13. 21. an individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state
  14. 23. the study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche