Breathing and exchange of gases

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Across
  1. 5. Capacity defining the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration (TV + IRV + ERV).
  2. 7. Primary site of gas exchange in human lungs.
  3. 11. Medullary area highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration.
  4. 14. Thin elastic cartilaginous flap that prevents the entry of food into the larynx during swallowing.
  5. 17. Artery containing peripheral chemoreceptors that recognize changes in CO2 and H+ levels.
  6. 19. Cartilaginous box that helps in sound production, also known as the voice box.
  7. 21. Shape of the curve obtained when percentage saturation of hemoglobin with O2 is plotted against $pO_2$.
  8. 25. Straight tube extending up to the midthoracic cavity which divides at the 5th thoracic vertebra level.
  9. 26. Chronic respiratory disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged, majorly caused by cigarette smoking.
  10. 27. Pressure of an individual gas in a mixture of gases, denoted as pO2 or pCO2.
  11. 29. Region of the brainstem containing the pneumotaxic center.
  12. 30. Process that takes place when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.
  13. 32. Region of the brain containing the primary respiratory rhythm center.
  14. 34. Respiration carried out via specialized vascularized structures called gills in aquatic animals.
  15. 35. Primary physical process by which exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs at the alveolar and tissue levels.
Down
  1. 1. Occupational respiratory disorder caused by long exposure to grinding or stone-breaking industries.
  2. 2. Opening of the larynx in the pharynx region, covered by epiglottis during swallowing.
  3. 3. Compound formed when CO2 binds to the amino-group of hemoglobin (20-25% transport).
  4. 4. Factor affecting gas diffusion rate across membranes, which is 20-25 times higher for CO2 than O2.
  5. 6. Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forceful expiration (~1100 to 1200 mL).
  6. 8. Portion of the respiratory system from external nostrils to terminal bronchioles that clears, warms, and humidifies air.
  7. 9. Mode of respiration through moist skin, seen in earthworms and frogs.
  8. 10. Arch containing chemoreceptors that send signals to the rhythm center for remedial actions.
  9. 12. Clinical apparatus used to estimate the volume of air involved in breathing movements.
  10. 13. Common passage for both food and air.
  11. 15. Double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs with fluid that reduces friction on the lung surface.
  12. 16. Enzyme (Carbonic _____) present in high concentration in RBCs that accelerates CO2 conversion to HCO3-.
  13. 18. Thoracic vertebra level where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi.
  14. 20. External and internal muscles located between the ribs that aid in breathing mechanisms.
  15. 22. Major primary muscle of inspiration, shape is dome-like when relaxed.
  16. 23. Principal ion form (HCO3-) in which about 70 percent of CO2 is transported by blood.
  17. 24. Respiratory disorder characterized by difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
  18. 28. Chemical form in which about 97 percent of oxygen is transported in the blood.
  19. 31. Process initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the volume of the thoracic chamber antero-posteriorly.
  20. 33. Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration (~500 mL).