C2S: L13 Cell and Tissue Degeneration - A) Cellular Degeneration

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Across
  1. 4. Fatty Change is a common form of _________ cellular injury.
  2. 5. Excessive entry of Free Fatty Acids into the liver, and/or inadequate supply of proteins or cofactors for synthesis of apoproteins will lead to ____________ __________ (2 words), which is another name for pathogenic fatty change in the liver.
  3. 6. If a cell becomes hypoxic, its ability to produce ATP to fuel the Na/K+ _______ pump decreases, leading to increased Na+ and water in the cell (oedema).
  4. 8. Hydropic degeneration is the most common expression of cellular _______.
  5. 9. Sublethal __________ will result in diminished energy stores in the liver for the synthesis of apoproteins and synthesis of VLDL.
  6. 12. As the formation of free-fatty acids and triglycerides is less _______ intensive than formation of VLDL, this metabolic stage in the liver acts as a bottle neck for lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes.
  7. 13. Fatty Change (lipidosis) may be ___________ rather than pathological. An example of this is lactating cows mobilising fat stores for milk production.
  8. 14. As injured cells lose K+ the _________ pressure increases as water and Na+ enter.
  9. 16. Unlike water vacuoles in _________ degeneration, lipid vacuoles have clear borders due to their hydrophobic nature. This is a key factor when determining if a cell is undergoing ________ degeneration or lipidosis.
  10. 17. For fast moving Pokemon such as (the lightning fast kicking) Hitmonlee, a failure to inspire enough __________ to supply working muscles during a Rage attack will force the body to switch to anaerobic metabolism, and may even cause hydropic degenation of skeletal muscle if the attack continues for too long.
  11. 19. Ultra-structurally, the cisternae of the ER, Golgi apparatus, and the outer ________ membrane will dilate during hydropic degeneration.
  12. 20. One of the two most common causes for hydropic degeneration is physical damage to a cell's ________ __________ (2 words) from things like ROS, toxic chemicals, and bacterial phospholipases.
  13. 24. Cardiac myofibres and ______ are most vulnerable to LSD as they are post-mitotic cells that may continue to accumulate catabolism substrates through their life.
  14. 26. Infectious agents such as _______ viruses, fungi, and protozoa are a common cause of cellular injury.
  15. 29. Absorbed __________ proteins may accumulate in the villi of the intestinal wall in neonatal animals.
  16. 31. The mildest form of hydropic degeneration is called _________ swelling, due to the appearance of the cell's plasma.
  17. 32. _________ hepatopathy, a side effect of ________ therapy in dogs may lead to the reversible accumulation of intracellular glycogen in the hepatocytes. This is not usually responsible for dysfunction in the liver cells, and can be reversed.
  18. 34. Immunological _________ may cause the immune system to attack cells of the body.
  19. 36. Rather than being degraded by lysosomal _________, catabolism substrates are accumulated in lysosomes in lysosome storage disorders (LSDs).
Down
  1. 1. Like hydropic degeneration, lipidosis may be _________, which means the cell may recover.
  2. 2. This cellular injury type is caused by trauma, extreme temperatures, ionising radiation, or electricity.
  3. 3. The most common site of error in the liver, that contributes to Hepatic Lipidosis, is the energy intense process of packaging triglycerides, via apoproteins, into ____ (Abb.)
  4. 5. Also known as acute cell swelling, or intracellular oedema (2 words)
  5. 7. Steatosis, fatty degeneration, or ________ are common names for Fatty Change.
  6. 10. Damaged membranes are leaky, and lose ___________ and Mg++, and take in water, Na+, and Ca++.
  7. 11. Intracellular accumulation of ________ may NOT be indicative of cellular injury, particularly in working skeletal muscle.
  8. 15. Hyaline droplets are indicative of intracellular ________ accumulation, and not necessarily indicative of cellular injury.
  9. 18. The process of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum distending, rupturing, and forming vacuoles is called ____________.
  10. 21. One more time for good measure ... _______ ________ (2 words) is the technical name for the spontaneous aggregation of phospholipids lost from organelle membranes during cellular oedema.
  11. 22. Extreme forms of hydropic degeneration are called __________ degenerations.
  12. 23. This will injure your cells due to their diminished ability to grow and repair (Hint: Staying young at heart is a great way to combat this).
  13. 25. The Kidney, Heart and ______ are the most common areas for pathological accumulation of lipids, with the _______ being the most common due to its role in fat metabolism.
  14. 27. What is a condition in which substrates derived from normal cellular catabolism accumulate within lysosomes?
  15. 28. Excess or deficiency of _______ can cause injury to cells.
  16. 30. Rapid onset of diabetes _______ and the characteristic hyperglycemia will lead to intracellular storage of glycogen in pancreatic islets of Langerhands, bile/pancreatic duct epithelial cells, the renal loops of Henle, and in the hepatocytes.
  17. 33. Fatty Change may be physiological or pathogenic, either way it is the intracellular accumulation of excess ______.
  18. 35. Grossly, tissues that are affected by lipidosis will appear pale and _________ to orange in colour.