Cardiovascular System

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Across
  1. 2. The innermost tunic of an artery. Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium.
  2. 5. Innervates the heart, arises from neurons in the medulla oblongata and reaches the heart via the vagus nerves. When the series of action potentials reach nerve fiber endings, they secrete acetylcholine (ACh), which decreases SA and AV nodal activity. As a result, heart rate decreases.
  3. 7. Vasomotor fibers stimulate the smooth muscle cells to contract, reducing the diameter of the vessel
  4. 9. Rings of dense connective tissue that surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta and rings of dense connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and aorta
  5. 11. The deepest of the grooves, encircles the heart between the atria and the ventricles. Also known as the coronary
  6. 14. Forms a protective inner lining of the heart chambers and valves
  7. 16. The innermost layer of the serous membrane, the visceral pericardium, covers the heart surface.
  8. 18. Forms a protective outer covering of the heart; secretes serous fluid
  9. 20. On the surface of the heart that mark the divisions between its chambers and contain major blood vessels
  10. 22. Maintains blood pressure during diastole
  11. 24. A deflection in an ECG pattern
  12. 25. Lowering of the heart rate. Medulla sends motor impulses along vagus nerve and helps lower blood pressure to normal.
  13. 28. A recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
  14. 31. Smaller-diameter vessels that connect to arteries
  15. 35. A mass of cells performing as a unit; those of the heart are joined electrically.
  16. 37. The strength of a contraction at a given preload (EDV)
  17. 39. Contraction of the heart chambers
  18. 43. Moves continuously in a one-way direction from the pulmonary and systemic circuits
  19. 45. A large upward triangular spike in a QRS complex
  20. 48. The first deflection in an ECG, leads to atrial contraction
  21. 54. One of two large veins that make up the venae cavae (superior)
  22. 56. Left AV Valve. Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
  23. 57. Relaxation of the heart chambers
  24. 59. Blood from the right side of the heart never mixes with the
  25. 61. The thick middle layer of the heart wall, consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers.
  26. 63. The force that the ventricles must produce to open the semilunar valves to eject blood
  27. 65. Semilunar valve. Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
  28. 66. The place where three major arteries originate from on the aorta; the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
  29. 68. downward deflection of a QRS complex
  30. 69. Friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessel, which impedes blood flow.
  31. 70. The middle layer of an artery. Makes up the bulk of the arterial wall. It contains smooth muscle cells that encircle the tube, and a thick layer of elastic connective tissue.
  32. 71. Cardiac veins join an enlarged vein on the heart’s posterior surface in the atrioventricular sulcus, which empties into the right atrium
  33. 73. Lubb-dupp sound from the heart. "Lubb" occurring when AV valves close, and "Dupp" occurring when semilunar valves close
  34. 74. The lower chambers of the heart, receive blood from the atria and contract to force blood out of the heart into arteries.
  35. 75. Withstand tension and hold cells together within intercalated discs
  36. 76. Oxygen poor blood flows through the _____ side of the heart
  37. 77. What is the heart divided into?
Down
  1. 1. allow blood to move toward the heart, but prevent blood from moving backward away from the heart.
  2. 3. A large artery that has many branches to distribute blood throughout the body
  3. 4. Veins that drain blood that has passed through the capillaries of the myocardium.
  4. 6. Strong, fibrous strings that attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve and originate from the papillary muscles
  5. 8. Muscular pumps that force blood through as many as 60,000 miles of blood vessels
  6. 10. A deflection that accompanies ventricular repolarization, which ends the ECG pattern for a given cardiac cycle
  7. 12. A downward deflection in a QRS complex
  8. 13. Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers
  9. 15. One of two large veins that make up the venae cavae (inferior)
  10. 17. (e.g., SA node) autorhythmic cells, firing spontaneous action potentials to set the heart rate
  11. 19. As blood enters the ventricles, myocardial cells in the ventricular walls are mechanically stretched
  12. 21. A smaller vein that drains venous blood into the right atrium from the myocardium
  13. 23. Anterior and posterior grooves that mark the interventricular septum.
  14. 26. Right AV Valve. Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
  15. 27. If venous blood pressure abnormally increases, the receptors signal the ______________ center, and sympathetic impulses reach the heart. As a result, heart rate and force of contraction increase, and the venous pressure is reduced.
  16. 29. Enables action potentials to spread throughout a network of cells, within intercalated discs
  17. 30. Valves with crescent-shaped flaps
  18. 32. Sends blood to the right atrium, returns blood that is low in O2 from tissues
  19. 33. The first two branches of the aorta that supply blood to the tissues of the heart.
  20. 34. extend anteriorly from the atria, increases the blood volume capacity of the atria
  21. 36. If vasomotor impulses are inhibited, the smooth muscle cells relax, and the diameter of the vessel increases
  22. 38. Cells that generate the force for pumping, coordinated by gap junctions
  23. 40. An abnormal heart sound caused by blood leaking back through valves. Can be heard when stenosis (stiffening) of valve cusps is present, or when the mitral valve does not close completely
  24. 41. The volume discharged from the ventricle per minute
  25. 42. A thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles
  26. 44. When the electrical change in an ECG ends, the pen returns to the baseline, which leaves a pattern. Leads to ventricular contraction
  27. 46. The sum of the formed elements and plasma volumes in the vascular system.
  28. 47. Semilunar valve. Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
  29. 49. Ensures one-way blood flow between the atria and the ventricles on each side
  30. 50. Hollow part of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or intestine.
  31. 51. Connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells
  32. 52. Can detect changes in blood pressure
  33. 53. A thin wall that separates the right and left sides of the atria
  34. 55. The inner layer of the heart wall, consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue that contains many elastic and collagen fibers.
  35. 58. Heartbeat. The contraction and relaxation of heart chambers.
  36. 60. Mounds of cardiac tissue that project inward from the wall of the right ventricle. They contract when the right ventricle contracts. Prevents the cusps from prolapsing into the right atrium
  37. 62. The upper chambers of the heart, have thin walls and receive blood returning to the heart
  38. 64. The outermost layer of an artery. Is relatively thin and chiefly consists of connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers. This layer attaches the artery to the surrounding tissues.
  39. 67. The difficulty with which the molecules of a fluid flow past one another.
  40. 72. Oxygen rich blood flows through the _____ side of the heart