CB8

Across

3. A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as glucose.
4. A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
6. The waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells.
11. A wall of tissue. The ______in the heart completely separates the chambers on the right from those on the left.
12. The major artery leading away from the heart.
13. A waste product made in the liver from excess amino acids.
14. The removal of waste materials that have been produced inside an organism.
16. The red, iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells.
19. A tiny blood vessel with thin walls to allow for the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.
23. Another term for red blood cell.
24. A sugar produced by the digestion of carbohydrates and needed for respiration.
27. A small pocket in the lungs in which gases are exchanged between the air and the blood.
31. The volume of blood the heart can pump out with each beat.
32. A muscular organ in the circulatory system that pumps blood around the body.
34. A strand of tissue used to connect other tissues. The _______in the heart connect the valves with the heart walls.
35. A protein produced by lymphocytes. It attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps to destroy or neutralise it.
36. An enclosed space. A human heart has four chambers.
38. A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
39. output The volume of blood the heart can pump out in one minute. It is calculated using the equation:
40. A biconcave disc containing haemoglobin that gives blood its red colour and carries oxygen around the body to the tissues. Also known as an erythrocyte.
41. An electrical signal transmitted along a neurone.
42. A type of blood cell that forms part of the body’s defence system against disease.
43. To become smaller. When muscles contract, they shorten and become fatter.

Down

1. A type of reaction in which energy is transferred to the surroundings from the reactants. This energy transfer usually causes the temperature of the surroundings to rise.
2. A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances such as glucose.
5. The straw-coloured liquid component of blood.
7. Cell fragments that are important in the clotting mechanism of the blood.
8. A structure made of flaps of tissue between an atrium and a ventricle of the heart. The heart valve stops blood flowing in the wrong direction when the heart muscle contracts.
9. A shock wave caused by the contraction of the heart muscles, which travels through the walls of arteries leading from the heart.
10. A blood vessel that transports blood towards the heart.
15. The system that moves blood through the body. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
17. A process in which one gas diffuses across a membrane and another gas diffuses in the opposite direction.
18. A type of respiration that does not need oxygen.
20. An upper chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins. (Plural is atria.)
21. The random movement and spreading of particles. There is a net (overall) diffusion of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
22. The fluid that carries oxygen and other substances from the heart to the body.
25. The number of heart beats in a unit of time, usually per minute (beats/min).
26. A sub-cellular structure (organelle) in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, where aerobic respiration occurs. (Plural is mitochondia.)
28. A structure made of flaps of tissue that stops blood flowing in the wrong direction.
29. All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
30. A white blood cell that is capable of engulfing microorganisms such as bacteria.
33. = stroke volume × heart rate
37. A tiny blood vessel with thin walls to allow for the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.