Cell Communication

6. Both plants and animals use chemicals for long distance signaling.
7. Are usually multimeric proteins located in the plasma membrane.
10. receptor proteins found on the inside of the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
15. A channel that is sensitive to tyrosine molecules
16. A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion or cylic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein
17. Enzymes that selectively phosphorylates tyrosine residue in different substrates.
18. Integral membrane proteins containing an extracellular amino terminus, seven transmembrane α-helical domains, and an intracellular carboxy terminus

1. A signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response is a series of steps.
2. A low molecular weight, acidic, calcium binding protein which mediates the Ca2+ regulation of a wide range of physiological processes throughout eukaryotic organisms.
3. A phosphatase enzyme that removes a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein.
4. A channel that is sensitive to calcium molecules
5. A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one
8. Increases or amplifies the signal generated from the probe molecule hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence.
9. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
11. Is a second messenger for many growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
12. A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons
13. The pathways leading to calcium release involve still other second messengers
14. Chemical signals that act over short distances, reaching their target cells by diffusion