Cell Communication

2. One of the enzymes downstream of Ras that phosphorylates various downstream signaling that control gene expression.
6. Another word for the types of receptors in number 13
7. A small GTP-binding protein (member of the family of monomeric GTPases) that is bound by a lipid tail to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, gets activated by receptor tyrosine kinase
8. Adaptor protein docks on a specific phosphotyrosine on the activated RTK and recruits this molecule to stimulate Ras to exchange its bound GDP for GTP
9. Type of receptors large and/or hydrophilic extracellular signals rely on
10. Type of signaling along axons to target cells
13. Type of receptors small and or/hydrophobic extracellular signals rely on
16. Another word for the types of receptors in number 9
17. Type of signaling involving hormones throughout the whole body through secretion into the bloodstream or plant’s sap.
20. When a ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase on its extracellular domain, this forms

1. Ras promotes this cascade of serine, threonine, and tyrosine when activated
3. Type of signaling where cells secrete factors that they express receptors for and stimulate their own growth or survival (i.e., cancer cells)
4. Describes signaling where multiple signaling pathways interact to produce a more complex or finely tuned cellular response
5. Promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis
11. Enzyme that phosphorylates
12. Type of signaling where cells make direct physical contact through signal molecules lodged in the plasma membrane of the signaling cell and receptor proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell.
14. When activated this releases active BCl2
15. A serine/threonine kinase), stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation.
18. 30% of human these are contain activating mutations in Ras genes
19. An extra cellular signal may also be known as this kind of messenger