Cell regulation & Cancer

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Across
  1. 2. ____ ______ genes code for proteins that inhibit cell division. Mutation may decrease protein synthesis or function.
  2. 4. First step of carcinogenesis in which DNA mutations make cells more likely to divide than normal, and increase their susceptibility to the effects of promoters.
  3. 9. These act as promoters to stimulate proliferation of cells in breast, urterine, ovarian, cervical, testicular, and prostate cancers.
  4. 11. Nucleotide sequences capping the ends of chromosomes which regulate the proliferative capacity of most body cells to divide.
  5. 16. Process of cell specialization from stem cells to cells of a particular structure and function, occurring in an orderly sequence.
  6. 19. The development of cancer is a slow, multistep process which typically requires the build up of at least ____ generations of mutations.
  7. 20. ____ genes are required to monitor for and repair DNA damage during the cell cycle. Multiple mutations in these genes may result in cancer development.
  8. 21. Colorectal cancer often metastasizes to the liver due to entry into the ____ ____ vein.
  9. 22. Wasting syndrome. A loss of fat and muscle mass, which may be a systemic effect of cancer.
  10. 28. Fourth step of carcinogenesis in which tumors become malignant and invade surrounding tissues or spread to other areas.
  11. 30. Irreversible sequence of events a cell goes through to duplicate.
  12. 31. _____ spread occurs when malignant cells enter venules or capillaries, where they must survive WBCs, turbulence, and different environments in order to proliferate.
  13. 34. Occurs when cell division is blocked due to contact of cells with other cells or an extracellular matrix.
  14. 36. _____ independence occurs when malignant cells do not adhere to other cells or the extracellular matrix.
  15. 37. The _____ of cancer define particular capabilities acquired by cells in cancer development, such as sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, enabling replicative immortality, and others.
  16. 38. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are only effective against cells that are ____, which would otherwise be able to repair DNA.
  17. 40. Loss of this indicates an advanced stage of cancer.
  18. 41. Radiation therapy causes ____ damage to cells by generating free radicals.
  19. 42. Programmed cell death of aged, DNA damaged, or excessive cells.
  20. 43. Tumor ____ uses biopsy and microscopy to evaluate cell appearance and degree of differentiation to predict the rate of growth and likelihood of spread.
  21. 46. Type of polyp with the greatest capacity for malignancy.
  22. 49. Malignant cells are ____, with cells and nuclei variable in size and shape.
  23. 51. _____ cells reduce the functionality of the tissues they occupy.
  24. 53. This oncogenic virus (acronym) causes 99% of cases of cervical cancer.
  25. 54. Radiation therapy that is used to shrink a tumor before removal is considered ____.
  26. 58. Malignant tumors grow via ____.
  27. 59. _____ spread occurs due to the thin walls of these particular vessel types. Cells may be destroyed by WBCs, form a secondary tumor, or enter circulation.
  28. 60. Process by which normal healthy cells become cancerous: four steps.
  29. 66. Normal cell characteristic of having a complete set of 23 chromosomes.
  30. 67. Substances or exposures that cause cancer by irreversibly damaging DNA. May result from chemicals, radiation, or certain types of viruses or bacteria.
  31. 69. Benign neoplastic cells are ____. This means if they are endocrine, they may cause an excess of hormone release.
  32. 70. Tumor cells rarely invade these due to their thick muscular wall.
  33. 71. ____ regulating genes, if mutated, may indirectly contribute to cancer development by allowing for mutations to persist and be passed down to daughter cells.
  34. 75. Blood in stool which is hidden and requires testing for detection is considered this.
  35. 77. Colorectal cancer may cause blood in the stool due to tumor _____.
  36. 79. This type of infection, if chronic, may progress to liver cancer.
  37. 80. Surgery of ____ tumors is done to manage symptoms, prevent organ injury, reduce risk of cancer, reduce excess hormone production, and/or for cosmetic reasons.
  38. 82. Cancer often metastasizes to these organs due to the tiny size of their vulnerable capillaries.
  39. 83. Colorectal cancer may cause a change in bowel habits such as constipation, narrow stools, or feeling of incomplete evacuation, due to a tumor causing this.
Down
  1. 1. _____ viruses and bacteria, such as hepatatic B and C or H. pylori, are more likely to result in the development of cancer.
  2. 3. Second step of carcinogenesis in which selective enhancement of the growth and proliferation of mutated cells occurs, resulting in a colony forming a benign tumor.
  3. 5. Because bone marrow capillaries are _____, they are more vulnerable to metastasis.
  4. 6. This enzyme, active in germ cells, stem cells, and malignant cells, allows for the maintenance of cell division.
  5. 7. Use of cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth. Many types that target different stages of the cell cycle, typically used in combination.
  6. 8. Malignant cells do not divide faster, but have a greater ___ ___, meaning they have a greater proportion of proliferating cells to resting cells.
  7. 10. Tumor ____ evaluates the extent and spread of cancerous tumors.
  8. 12. Pain, fracture, and ____ may be signs of metastasis to bones.
  9. 13. Process by which tumor cells move from their primary site to a distant site in the body.
  10. 14. A ____ cell divides from a stem cell, which is then committed to the final differentiated cell type and cannot become any other type of cell.
  11. 15. Dark, tarry blood in stool, typically from the upper GI tract.
  12. 17. Use of chemotherapy to further sensitize cells to radiation during radiation therapy is considered ____.
  13. 18. Chronic injury or inflammation may result in this irreversible cell change if the source of irritation/inflammation persists.
  14. 23. This type of radiation therapy is more common. Radiation does not remain in the body after treatment.
  15. 24. Cell _____ occurs when cells multiply to replace lost cells or during normal growth periods. This requires stimulation by growth promoting factors, availability of open space in tissues, and an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
  16. 25. ___ ____ genes may indirectly contribute to cancer development if mutated by impairing the ability of cells to repair DNA damage.
  17. 26. Radiation therapy that is used to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery is considered ____.
  18. 27. Bright red blood in stool, typically from the lower GI tract.
  19. 29. This systemic manifestation of cancer may result from anemia and inflammation.
  20. 32. Benign tumor growing from a mucous membrane.
  21. 33. Radiation therapy using tiny implants of radioactive material to continuously expose malignant tissues to radiation.
  22. 35. This adverse effect of chemotherapy results from drugs targeting cells with rapid growth rates, and typically resolves once chemotherapy is ceased.
  23. 39. Chronic injury or inflammation causes ____, in which one cell type is converted to another, but is reversed once the source of irritation or inflammation is removed.
  24. 42. Membrane bound cell fragments that result from programmed cell death, which are then removed my macrophages.
  25. 44. Tumor specific ____ allow for the immune system to identify abnormal cells as foreign and mark them for removal.
  26. 45. Benign tumors grow via ____.
  27. 47. Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are all examples of normal cellular _____.
  28. 48. Uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation.
  29. 50. Benign cells that are _____ have abnormal cells with disordered growth, but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues.
  30. 52. This local manifestation of cancer may result from the invasion and injury of vasculature.
  31. 55. Malignant tumors induce ____ in order to obtain enough oxygen and nutrients to sustain their growth.
  32. 56. Spread of tumor cells which occurs when they are "shed" from the surface of an organ, spreading along the serous membrane.
  33. 57. Type of genes which code for proteins and stimulate cell division. Mutation may result in increased protein synthesis or function.
  34. 61. Part of cellular regulation includes responding to ____ signals from hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters, ions, and others.
  35. 62. Occurs when cells can no longer divide and enter permanently into G0, functioning as normal tissue.
  36. 63. Third step of carcinogenesis in which mutated cells acquire additional mutations, allowing for the tumor to quickly expand in size.
  37. 64. Carcinoma ___ ___ refers to malignant epithelial cells that have not yet penetrated the basement membrane; typically completely treatable at this early stage.
  38. 65. Benign tumors are ______, thus clearly separated from surrounding cells and typically surrounded by connective tissue.
  39. 68. ___ ____ in the cell cycle allow for enzymes to detect and repair DNA damage, or trigger apoptosis in cells whose DNA cannot be repaired.
  40. 72. A local manifestation of cancer may be the presence of a ____ mass.
  41. 73. The majority of cancer develops due to ____ mutations.
  42. 74. Usually the first line of treatment in cancer therapy.
  43. 76. This type of infection, if chronic, may progress to stomach cancer.
  44. 78. Radiation therapy causes ____ damage to cells by breaking chemical bonds in DNA.
  45. 81. Poor management of this condition (acronym) may contribute to the development of esophageal cancer.