CELS module 4

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Across
  1. 1. stain A staining method used to differentiate bacterial cell walls: purple for Gram-positive, pink for Gram-negative.
  2. 5. The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.
  3. 7. microorganism A microorganism lacking cellular structure and most characteristics of life; requires a host to function.
  4. 10. A small, circular DNA molecule in bacteria carrying extra genes.
  5. 11. DNA transfer between bacteria via direct contact using a pilus.
  6. 12. The process of microorganisms attaching to host cells.
  7. 14. fission Asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical cells.
  8. 15. The protein shell of a virus that encloses its genetic material.
  9. 16. gene transfer Gene transfer between organisms via conjugation, transformation, or transduction.
Down
  1. 2. transcription Process used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from RNA.
  2. 3. An infectious particle with DNA or RNA, a capsid, and sometimes an envelope, unable to replicate outside a host.
  3. 4. A measure of how harmful or pathogenic a microorganism is.
  4. 6. factors Structures like fimbriae, flagella, capsules, or proteins that help bacteria stick to host cells.
  5. 8. A toxic component (lipid A) of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane, released on cell death.
  6. 9. resistance When bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics, often through R-plasmids.
  7. 13. A virus particle outside a host cell, made of a capsid and nucleic acid.