Ch 16

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Across
  1. 5. This is a technique where X-rays are shot at a crystal of a molecule. The way the X-rays bounce off creates a pattern that can be used to figure out the molecule’s shape (2 words no space)
  2. 7. and Stahl were scientists who determined the mechanism of DNA replication through an experiment using heavy nitrogen
  3. 8. are a type of base found in DNA and RNA. They have a double ring structure and include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
  4. 11. and Chase were scientists who proved that DNA is the stuff that carries genetic information, not protein. They did this by using viruses that infect bacteria.
  5. 12. is the strand of DNA that is copied in small, separate pieces, away from the replication fork
  6. 13. was a scientist who used X-ray diffraction to get pictures of DNA. Her pictures were very important for figuring out the shape of the DNA molecule (2 words no space)
  7. 16. special proteins that act like spools for DNA to wrap around. This helps DNA to be packed tightly inside a cell's nucleus
  8. 20. is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its entire DNA before the cell divides so that each new cell gets a full set of instructions.
  9. 21. and Crick were the scientists who used the work of others, like Franklin and Wilkins, to figure out the double helix shape of DNA
  10. 23. is an enzyme that helps to unwind the tightly coiled DNA by cutting, unwinding, and then rejoining the DNA strands to prevent tangles
  11. 24. DNA pol ______________ is an enzyme that removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides on the newly made DNA strand
  12. 26. is a big molecule made up of smaller parts called amino acids
  13. 27. model of replication was a theory that the original two DNA strands would stay together after replication and a completely new DNA molecule would be made.
  14. 30. is the basic building block of DNA and RNA. It has three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base (A, T, C, or G)
  15. 31. This describes the two strands of a DNA double helix that run in opposite directions. One strand runs from 5' to 3', and the other runs from 3' to 5'.
Down
  1. 1. These are the small, separate pieces of newly made DNA that are created on the lagging strand during replication (2 words no space)
  2. 2. discovered that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) always equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) always equals the amount of cytosine (C) ⚖️.
  3. 3. are big molecules that carry genetic information (2 words no space)
  4. 4. model of replication was a theory that after replication, each new DNA molecule would be a mix of old and new DNA segments scattered throughout the strands.
  5. 6. was a scientist who discovered transformation in bacteria during an experiment with mice
  6. 8. is a special type of strong link that holds the backbone of a DNA or RNA strand together, connecting the sugar and phosphate parts
  7. 9. proteins attach to the separated strands of DNA during replication to keep them from coming back together (abbreviation not full name)
  8. 10. is the Y-shaped area where the two strands of DNA have been separated and are being copied (two words no space)
  9. 12. is the strand of DNA that is copied continuously and smoothly in the 5' to 3' direction, towards the replication fork
  10. 14. is an enzyme that unzips the two strands of the DNA double helix so they can be copied
  11. 15. model is the correct way that DNA replicates. It means that each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand.
  12. 17. Transformation is when a bacterium takes in DNA from its surroundings
  13. 18. an enzyme that acts like a glue, joining the fragments together on the lagging strand
  14. 19. is the mixture of DNA and proteins, mainly histones, that make up chromosomes.
  15. 22. is an enzyme that lays down a short piece of RNA called a primer, which is needed to start the DNA replication process.
  16. 25. are a type of base found in DNA and RNA. They have a single ring structure and include thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
  17. 28. DNA polymerase _____________ is the main enzyme that builds the new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing chain 🏗️.
  18. 29. was a famous scientist who made important discoveries about how molecules are structured, including a triple helix model for DNA that turned out to be wrong.