Ch. 2-A Puzzle: Terms for Looking at Language

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Across
  1. 2. A language’s sentence structure. Also the study of this structure.
  2. 4. An approach to language study that describes how what we think language is, i.e., how we think we use language and what is correct.
  3. 6. How speakers actually produce language elements when talking, including hesitation sounds and non-standard forms.
  4. 7. A term that refers to a sub-variety of a single language. Non-linguists sometimes use the term as a synonym for accent, but these can differ in terms of not only pronunciation but also vocabulary and sentence structure/grammar.
  5. 8. What a person knows about standard language use through formal study. A concept attributed to Chomsky (1965).
  6. 9. Varieties of a language other than the standard.
  7. 10. Linguists use this term to refer to a speaker’s pronunciation (phonetics and/or phonology) while non-linguists sometimes use it as a synonym for dialect. These sounds can index where a speaker is from and/ or reveal social information, such as social class or level of education.
  8. 12. An approach to language that is focused on rules of correctness, that is, how language should be used. Contrasts with descriptive
  9. 13. An approach to language study based on authentic evidence and sensory experience (what you actual hear spoken or see written in this case).
  10. 15. Degree of intimacy or familiarity between interlocutors.
  11. 16. A person with whom you are speaking.
  12. 18. The structure of words or patterns of word formation in a language or language variety. Also the study of these patterns.
Down
  1. 1. A value-neutral term for any language or dialect.
  2. 3. Words that are new to a language, or old words or phrases with new meanings. These expressions are often associated with younger speakers and tend to be short-lived.
  3. 4. This happens when people (such as Americans and Australians) speak different dialects but can still understand each other.
  4. 5. The vocabulary of a particular language.
  5. 7. A non-evaluative approach to language that is focused on how language is actually used, without deciding if it is right or wrong. Contrasts with prescriptive.
  6. 11. The codified (written) variety of a language, that is, the language taught in school, used in formal writing, and often heard from newscasters and other media figures who are trying to project authority or ability.
  7. 14. A major area of linguistics that studies the systematic way in which sounds are arranged to create syllables, words, and other linguistic forms. See also phonetics.
  8. 17. The study of the sounds of human speech, looking primarily at the physical properties of articulation speech sounds. See also phonology.