Ch. 2-A Puzzle: Terms for Looking at Language
Across
- 2. A language’s sentence structure. Also the study of this structure.
- 4. An approach to language study that describes how what we think language is, i.e., how we think we use language and what is correct.
- 6. How speakers actually produce language elements when talking, including hesitation sounds and non-standard forms.
- 7. A term that refers to a sub-variety of a single language. Non-linguists sometimes use the term as a synonym for accent, but these can differ in terms of not only pronunciation but also vocabulary and sentence structure/grammar.
- 8. What a person knows about standard language use through formal study. A concept attributed to Chomsky (1965).
- 9. Varieties of a language other than the standard.
- 10. Linguists use this term to refer to a speaker’s pronunciation (phonetics and/or phonology) while non-linguists sometimes use it as a synonym for dialect. These sounds can index where a speaker is from and/ or reveal social information, such as social class or level of education.
- 12. An approach to language that is focused on rules of correctness, that is, how language should be used. Contrasts with descriptive
- 13. An approach to language study based on authentic evidence and sensory experience (what you actual hear spoken or see written in this case).
- 15. Degree of intimacy or familiarity between interlocutors.
- 16. A person with whom you are speaking.
- 18. The structure of words or patterns of word formation in a language or language variety. Also the study of these patterns.
Down
- 1. A value-neutral term for any language or dialect.
- 3. Words that are new to a language, or old words or phrases with new meanings. These expressions are often associated with younger speakers and tend to be short-lived.
- 4. This happens when people (such as Americans and Australians) speak different dialects but can still understand each other.
- 5. The vocabulary of a particular language.
- 7. A non-evaluative approach to language that is focused on how language is actually used, without deciding if it is right or wrong. Contrasts with prescriptive.
- 11. The codified (written) variety of a language, that is, the language taught in school, used in formal writing, and often heard from newscasters and other media figures who are trying to project authority or ability.
- 14. A major area of linguistics that studies the systematic way in which sounds are arranged to create syllables, words, and other linguistic forms. See also phonetics.
- 17. The study of the sounds of human speech, looking primarily at the physical properties of articulation speech sounds. See also phonology.