ch 9&10

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Across
  1. 1. Membrane-bound structures in chloroplasts that contain pigments for photosynthesis.
  2. 3. Transport System: A series of proteins in the thylakoid or mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons to generate ATP.
  3. 5. (Stoma): Pores on the leaf surface for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ and water vapor out).
  4. 7. (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide): An electron carrier that stores energy for the electron transport chain.
  5. 9. A waxy, protective layer covering the epidermis of leaves, reducing water loss.
  6. 10. Plants: Plants that use an additional carbon fixation step to efficiently capture CO₂ in hot, dry climates.
  7. 13. (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy currency of cells, used to power various cellular processes.
  8. 18. Aerobes: Organisms that can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration depending on oxygen availability.
  9. 19. Aerobes: Organisms that require oxygen for survival and ATP production.
  10. 21. Plants: Plants that use the Calvin Cycle for CO₂ fixation, forming a three-carbon compound.
  11. 22. The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH, in the cytoplasm.
  12. 23. Spectrum: The range of wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll.
  13. 24. The fluid-filled space in a chloroplast surrounding the grana, where the Calvin Cycle occurs.
  14. 25. An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.
  15. 29. Respiration: The process of producing ATP with oxygen, including glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  16. 30. Mesophyll Layer: Loosely arranged cells in a leaf that facilitate gas exchange through air spaces.
  17. 33. A process where oxygen is used instead of CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle, reducing photosynthetic efficiency.
  18. 35. Acid (Pyruvate): A three-carbon product of glycolysis that enters cellular respiration pathways.
  19. 36. (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate): An electron carrier molecule that becomes NADPH during photosynthesis.
  20. 37. Factors of Photosynthesis: Environmental factors like light intensity, CO₂ concentration, and temperature that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
  21. 39. An energy-rich molecule formed in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Down
  1. 2. An organism capable of producing its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
  2. 4. Plants: Plants that fix CO₂ at night to minimize water loss, using crassulacean acid metabolism.
  3. 6. Fermentation: An anaerobic process where pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO₂, regenerating NAD⁺.
  4. 8. Respiration: ATP production without oxygen, using fermentation or other pathways.
  5. 10. Proteins in the electron transport chain that transfer electrons and pump protons.
  6. 11. (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide): An electron carrier involved in the Krebs Cycle.
  7. 12. (Phosphoglyceraldehyde): A three-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin Cycle; a precursor for glucose synthesis.
  8. 14. II: A protein-pigment complex that captures light to split water and release electrons, protons, and oxygen.
  9. 15. Cycle: A series of reactions in the mitochondria that generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ from acetyl-CoA.
  10. 16. The process of water vapor loss from plants through stomata.
  11. 17. Acid Fermentation: An anaerobic process converting pyruvate into lactic acid, regenerating NAD⁺.
  12. 20. (Granum): Stacks of thylakoids within a chloroplast, where the light-dependent reactions occur.
  13. 26. (Ribulose Bisphosphate): A five-carbon sugar molecule that reacts with CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle.
  14. 27. I: A protein-pigment complex in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light to re-energize electrons for NADPH formation.
  15. 28. An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle, fixing CO₂ to RuBP.
  16. 31. Mesophyll Layer: A layer of elongated cells in a leaf, rich in chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis occurs.
  17. 32. A: A molecule that assists in the transfer of acetyl groups in cellular respiration.
  18. 34. Cycle: The light-independent cycle in photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into sugars.
  19. 38. Cell: Specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata in a leaf.