Chapter 1

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Across
  1. 1. a large, relatively flat expanse of ancient metamorphic rock within the stable continental interior
  2. 4. the scientific study of the oceans and oceanic phenomena
  3. 6. includes all of life on Earth; the parts of the solid Earth, hydrosphere, and atmosphere in which living organisms can be found
  4. 8. the idea that the Sun and planets formed from the same cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space
  5. 11. the rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle
  6. 12. a very large area of the deep ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise
  7. 13. Earth is viewed as a dynamic system of interacting parts and processes including the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere
  8. 14. large, continuous areas of land that also include islands that are structurally connected to the mainland
  9. 17. the very thin outermost layer of Earth
  10. 18. an isolated volcanic peak that rises above the deep ocean floor
  11. 22. the gaseous portion of Earth
  12. 23. the span of time since the formation of Earth, about 4.6 billion years
  13. 25. the part of the continental crust that has attained stability and has not been affected by significant tectonic activity during the Phanerozoic eon; consists of the shield and stable platform
  14. 26. the broad linear ridge or rise on the ocean floor
  15. 27. the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope
  16. 28. a well tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts
  17. 31. an elongated depression in the seafloor produced by the bending of oceanic crust during subduction
  18. 33. a deep submarine region that lies beyond the continental margins
  19. 34. the steep gradient that leads to the deep ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf
  20. 35. the solid Earth, the largest of Earth’s four major spheres
  21. 36. the part of a craton that is mantled by the relatively undeformed sedimentary rocks and underlaid by a basement complex of igneous and metamorphic rocks
Down
  1. 2. the water portion of Earth
  2. 3. the portion of the seafloor that lies between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge system; takes up almost 30% of Earth’s surface
  3. 5. the portion of the seafloor adjacent to the continents. It may include the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise
  4. 7. the thick layer of Earth located below the crust
  5. 9. a educated guess that is tested to determine whether it could be true
  6. 10. a geographic area of roughly parallel and geologically connected mountain ranges developed from plate tectonics
  7. 15. includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy
  8. 16. the scientific study of the universe, includes the observation and interpretation of celestial bodies and phenomena
  9. 17. the gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope
  10. 19. the process by which researchers raise questions, gather data, and formulate and test scientific hypotheses
  11. 20. any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole
  12. 21. subdivision of the mantle lying below the lithosphere
  13. 24. examines Earth as a system composed of several interacting subsystems
  14. 29. the innermost layer of Earth, located beneath the mantle. The core is divided into an outer core and an inner core
  15. 30. the science that examines Earth, its form and composition, and the changes it has undergone and is undergoing
  16. 32. the scientific study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena; the study of weather and climate