Chapter 1

1. geography are those of human endeavor; this branch includes such subfields as cultural geography, economic geography, political geography, and urban geography
3. describes east–west location on Earth—like latitude, it is an angular description of location measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
8. geography are natural in origin, and for this reason physical geography is sometimes called environmental geography
10. Systems: In physical geography we study the myriad of interconnections among Earth’s systems and subsystems.
11. (bio is Greek for “life”) encompasses all the parts of Earth where living organisms can exist; in its broadest and loosest sense, the term also includes the vast variety of earthly life-forms (properly referred to as biota)
12. The origin of Earth, and indeed of the universe, is incompletely understood.
13. Loops: Some systems produce outputs that “feed back” into that system, reinforcing change.
14. Systems: Most Earth systems are open systems— both matter and energy are exchanged across the system boundary.

1. (hydro is Greek for “water”) comprises water in all its forms.
2. (litho is Greek for “stone”), comprising the rocks of Earth’s crust as well as the unconsolidated particles of mineral matter that overlie the solid bedrock.
4. When inputs and outputs balance over time, the conditions within a system remain the same; we describe such a system as being in equilibrium.
5. Systems: Effectively self-contained systems, which are therefore isolated from influences outside that system, are called closed systems
6. A related but less obvious theme running through this book is globalization. In the broadest terms, globalization refers to the processes and consequences of an increasingly interconnected world—connections among the economies, cultures, and political systems of the world.
7. is a description of location expressed as an angle north or south of the equator.
9. (atmo is Greek for “air”). It contains the complex mixture of gases needed to sustain life