Chapter 1

3. a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships
6. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
7. early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
9. early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind
10. tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
12. process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
14. method system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced
16. the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
18. a measure of the relationship between two variables

1. tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
2. a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
4. a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
5. the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
8. in research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability or results
11. perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
13. the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
15. thinking and making reasoned judgments about claims
17. the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested