Chapter 12 Vocabulary

3. empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia
5. one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects
7. A series of steps followed to solve problems
11. The study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
13. the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
15. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers
18. Belief in a supreme being who doesn’t interfere in the flow of the universe
19. A time in which thinkers attempted to apply principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
20. believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society

1. Relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s
2. Superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center
4. Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer
6. a belief held by Enlightenment thinkers that truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking
8. Commonly known as the "father of liberalism"
9. British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men
10. the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
12. French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment
14. English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation
16. One of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment
17. relating to a simple, elegant style that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s
21. A social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas