Chapter 12

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Across
  1. 3. a system by which particular environmental events are systematically arranged to produce specified behavior changes
  2. 6. feedback that lets children know specifically what it is they are doing well
  3. 7. positive reinforcement provided contingent on an approximation of a desired behavior
  4. 10. emphasizes the dominant role of environment and reinforcing experiences in learning
  5. 14. motivation that comes from inside the individual rather than from any external reward such as praise or grades
  6. 16. learning by watching and imitating another's actions also called modeling
  7. 18. one who believes that human development is a natural unfolding of innate abilities and nearly independent of environmental influence
  8. 19. arranging the classroom environment in ways that promote children's appropriate behavior and forestall behaviors teachers consider inappropriate
  9. 20. a general term for a consequence, event, or procedure that increases or maintains the behavior it follows
  10. 21. two or more responses that cannot occur together
  11. 25. type of learning that results from the consequences of a person's behavior operating intentionally on some aspect of the environment to produce change
  12. 26. learning by watching and imitating another's actions also called observational learning
  13. 27. feelings of pleasure and personal satisfaction derived from working on or accomplishing a task discovering something new or solving a problem
  14. 29. gradually reducing prompts cues physical assistance when teaching a particular skill
Down
  1. 1. a mild form of time-out in which the teacher asks a misbehaving child to sit at the edge of an activity for a minute or two to observe the appropriate play of peers
  2. 2. manipulative materials in which the child's error and successes are self-evident
  3. 4. the strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an unpleasant consequence
  4. 5. a consequence that would occur without a parent's or teacher's intervention
  5. 8. increase the behaviors that they follow and are specific to individuals
  6. 9. environment that supports a child's efforts to explore and discover through interactions with other individuals
  7. 11. something that follows a response and results in the increase of that particular response
  8. 12. a consequence determined by an adult that is related to the child's original inappropriate behavior
  9. 13. verbal gestural or physical assistance that helps the child learn a skill or participate in an activity
  10. 15. positioning the teacher's hand around the learner's and putting the learner through the motions required for performing a particular act
  11. 17. the process of sequencing developmental tasks into small, incremental steps
  12. 22. the extreme form of withdrawing reinforcement
  13. 23. the presentation of an aversive event or the removal of a positive event contingent upon a response that decreases the probability of a behaviors occurrence
  14. 24. a teaching strategy that directs the child's attention and energy from a behavior that is less than desirable by introducing a more appropriate behavior or activity
  15. 28. the concept of viewing the child in the context of his or her learning environment and the impact the arrangement and individuals in this environment have on the child's learning