Chapter 13

Across

4. Specific part of an antigen (such as a virus, bacteria, or protein) that is recognized by the immune system, particularly by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.
5. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
6. Proteins on or in cells that bind to molecules, triggering a response.
8. Type of immunity effectively stimulated by live vaccines
10. A substance that neutralizes the toxic effects of a toxin.
12. A possible risk of live vaccines.
14. Type of immunity that provides immediate protection but for a short time, without memory.
16. The substances secreted by T cells to help destroy pathogens.
18. A tiny infectious agent that enters living cells to multiply, often causing diseases.
19. An identical copy of a cell or organism.
20. Large immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and other debris.
24. Develop in the bone marrow.
26. The coating of pathogens to make them easier to be engulfed by immune cells.
27. Cells that lack specificity for antigens and are among the first to attack cancer and virus-infected cells.
28. Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response.
30. Inactivated toxin used in vaccines to trigger immunity.
31. Substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and triggers an immune response.
33. Natural killer cells are sensitive to this immune substance.
34. These cells recognize a wide range of antigens and bridge innate and adaptive immunity.
35. A gland in the chest that helps mature T cells.
37. Substance that stimulates the immune system to fight diseases without causing the disease.
39. Type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by identifying and attacking infected or abnormal cells.
40. Ability to protect itself against infections and diseases.
42. help to destroy infected cells and coordinate the immune system.
44. Microorganisms or agents that cause disease in their host.
45. Substances that trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
46. Cells use these for recognition and detection of pathogens.
48. A process where particles, such as cells or bacteria, clump together due to the interaction with specific antibodies.
49. A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body.

Down

1. T cells that activate macrophages, assist B cells, and help cytotoxic T cells.
2. The process of recognizing foreign molecules or pathogens.
3. When harmful microorganisms invade the body, causing disease.
7. A complex of lipids (fats) and proteins that transport lipids through the bloodstream.
9. Protein produced by B cells in response to the presence of an antigen, such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin.
11. Proteins that have carbohydrates attached to them, playing roles in biological processes like cell recognition.
13. Hybrid cells with both killer cell and T cell functions.
15. Proteins that cause an excessive immune response, leading to inflammation.
17. A type of immune cell responsible for producing antibodies.
21. Antigens from another individual of the same species that provoke an immune reaction.
22. These markers are important for immune system.
23. A condition that affects the body or mind, causing health problems.
25. The process by which cells (like macrophages) engulf and digest foreign particles or invading microorganisms.
29. The liquid part of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
31. Immunity that can be triggered by vaccination or natural infection.
32. Small and circular DNA molecules that carry genetic traits.
36. The process by which antibodies bind to toxins or pathogens, preventing them from causing harm.
38. The first milk, full of antibodies, that protects newborns.
41. process by which any such clones are destroyed during development.
43. Molecular structures found on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system to trigger an immune response.
47. The breaking down or destruction of cells.