Chapter 13

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Across
  1. 2. A protein complex that helps the immune system detect foreign substances.
  2. 7. A possible risk of live vaccines.
  3. 9. Small and circular DNA molecules that carry genetic traits.
  4. 10. The process by which antibodies bind to toxins or pathogens, preventing them from causing harm.
  5. 13. Molecular structures found on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system to trigger an immune response.
  6. 16. Cells that lack specificity for antigens and are among the first to attack cancer and virus-infected cells.
  7. 17. Type of immunity that provides immediate protection but for a short time, without memory.
  8. 18. Proteins that have carbohydrates attached to them, playing roles in biological processes like cell recognition.
  9. 20. Molecules composed of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) bonded to proteins.
  10. 22. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
  11. 23. Substance that stimulates the immune system to fight diseases without causing the disease.
  12. 24. Cells use these for recognition and detection of pathogens.
  13. 25. Lymphatic tissues in the throat that help defend against infections.
  14. 26. Natural killer cells are sensitive to this immune substance.
  15. 28. DNA segment that carries instructions for traits and functions.
  16. 29. Proteins that cause an excessive immune response, leading to inflammation.
  17. 30. Type of immunity effectively stimulated by live vaccines
  18. 32. The process of recognizing foreign molecules or pathogens.
  19. 35. The substances secreted by T cells to help destroy pathogens.
  20. 37. The first milk, full of antibodies, that protects newborns.
  21. 38. When harmful microorganisms invade the body, causing disease.
  22. 40. T cells that activate macrophages, assist B cells, and help cytotoxic T cells.
  23. 42. A process where particles, such as cells or bacteria, clump together due to the interaction with specific antibodies.
  24. 45. Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response.
  25. 49. Carbohydrates made of three sugar molecules linked together.
  26. 50. Ability to protect itself against infections and diseases.
  27. 51. A type of immune cell responsible for producing antibodies.
  28. 53. Hybrid cells with both killer cell and T cell functions.
  29. 54. Type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response by identifying and attacking infected or abnormal cells.
  30. 55. Proteins on or in cells that bind to molecules, triggering a response.
  31. 56. Immunity that can be triggered by vaccination or natural infection.
  32. 57. Protein produced by B cells in response to the presence of an antigen, such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin.
Down
  1. 1. These cells recognize a wide range of antigens and bridge innate and adaptive immunity.
  2. 3. An identical copy of a cell or organism.
  3. 4. The process by which cells (like macrophages) engulf and digest foreign particles or invading microorganisms.
  4. 5. Specific part of an antigen (such as a virus, bacteria, or protein) that is recognized by the immune system, particularly by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.
  5. 6. A complex of lipids (fats) and proteins that transport lipids through the bloodstream.
  6. 8. A white blood cell that helps fight infections and support immunity.
  7. 11. Antigens from another individual of the same species that provoke an immune reaction.
  8. 12. The ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances.
  9. 14. A condition that affects the body or mind, causing health problems.
  10. 15. The breaking down or destruction of cells.
  11. 18. A part of the immune system that protects the digestive tract from infections.
  12. 19. Substances that trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
  13. 21. A substance that neutralizes the toxic effects of a toxin.
  14. 22. Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria that can cause disease.
  15. 27. The coating of pathogens to make them easier to be engulfed by immune cells.
  16. 31. Large immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and other debris.
  17. 33. Substances that trigger an immune response, leading to antibody production.
  18. 34. These markers are important for immune system.
  19. 36. Microorganisms or agents that cause disease in their host.
  20. 39. cluster of differentiation.
  21. 41. help to destroy infected cells and coordinate the immune system.
  22. 42. Substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and triggers an immune response.
  23. 43. process by which any such clones are destroyed during development.
  24. 44. A gland in the chest that helps mature T cells.
  25. 46. Develop in the bone marrow.
  26. 47. A tiny infectious agent that enters living cells to multiply, often causing diseases.
  27. 48. A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body.
  28. 49. Inactivated toxin used in vaccines to trigger immunity.
  29. 52. The liquid part of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.