Chapter 13 - Earth Materials, the Lithosphere & Plate Tectonics

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Across
  1. 3. formed from volcanic fragments ejected during eruptions
  2. 4. layers of sediment or sedimentary rock
  3. 7. rock formed when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface
  4. 9. the alignment of minerals in metamorphic rock due to pressure
  5. 12. the movement of material caused by differences in temperature and density
  6. 13. a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock formed deep underground
  7. 15. loose, fragmented material covering bedrock
  8. 17. the meeting and compression of continental plates, forming mountains
  9. 20. a surface that represents a gap in the geologic record
  10. 22. molten rock beneath Earth’s surface
  11. 24. reversal a switch in Earth’s magnetic field direction
  12. 31. a pattern of cracks that forms long, hexagonal columns in cooling lava
  13. 33. a natural crack or fracture in rock with no movement along it
  14. 35. the process of new ocean crust forming at mid-ocean ridges and moving outward
  15. 37. a solid mixture of minerals and other materials
  16. 40. the boundary between two layers of sedimentary rock
  17. 41. a mineral made of silicon and oxygen, often combined with other elements
  18. 42. a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure
  19. 43. Earth’s innermost layer, composed mostly of iron and nickel
  20. 44. exposed bedrock or ancient deposits visible at the surface
  21. 45. the theory that Earth’s surface is divided into moving plates
  22. 47. a supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago
  23. 49. rock formed from the remains of living organisms
  24. 52. the thick layer between Earth’s crust and core
  25. 53. the movement of tectonic plates toward each other
  26. 54. the study of ancient magnetic fields recorded in rocks
  27. 55. a soft, partially molten layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere
  28. 56. a small crustal fragment added to a continent through plate motion
  29. 57. a rigid section of Earth's lithosphere that moves over the asthenosphere
  30. 58. the horizontal sliding of tectonic plates past each other
Down
  1. 1. a fixed area of volcanic activity in the mantle, not related to plate boundaries
  2. 2. rock formed when magma cools slowly below the surface
  3. 3. a solid material that flows slowly under pressure
  4. 5. solid rock beneath soil or loose surface materials
  5. 6. the boundary between Earth’s crust and mantle
  6. 8. rock formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from water
  7. 10. the addition of material to a tectonic plate, often at a plate boundary
  8. 11. made from fragments of other rocks or minerals
  9. 14. the thick, less dense crust forming continents
  10. 16. inclined layers within horizontal beds of rock
  11. 18. the idea that geologic processes have occurred at consistent rates over time
  12. 19. the layering of sedimentary rocks
  13. 21. rock formed from cooled magma or lava
  14. 23. a large, stable area of exposed Precambrian rock
  15. 25. rock changed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes
  16. 26. the theory that continents move across Earth’s surface
  17. 27. the rigid outer layer of Earth
  18. 28. the thin, dense crust beneath oceans
  19. 29. the process of one plate sinking beneath another
  20. 30. an instrument that records vibrations from earthquakes
  21. 32. the continuous transformation of rocks from one type to another
  22. 34. the idea that Earth's features were shaped by sudden, short-lived events
  23. 36. the liquid layer of Earth’s core that surrounds the inner core
  24. 38. rock formed from compressed sediments
  25. 39. a curved chain of volcanic islands formed at a subduction zone
  26. 45. the movement of tectonic plates away from each other
  27. 46. the study of past geographic and environmental conditions of Earth
  28. 48. molten rock that erupts onto Earth’s surface
  29. 50. the outermost solid layer of Earth
  30. 51. the solid, dense center of Earth