chapter 16

2. appellate courts empowered to review all final decisions of district courts
5. statement of legal reasoning behind a judicial decision
9. these are the courts that determine the facts about a case
10. hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts
11. nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve
14. established by John Marshall
15. doctrine developed by the federal courts and used as a means to avoid deciding some cases
17. "friend of the court"
19. judicial interpretation of an act of congress
22. established the court's power of judicial review over acts of congress
23. a view that the constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers

1. lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated
3. how similar cases have been decided in the past
4. 91 federal courts of original jurisdiction
6. judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground
7. pinnacle of the smerican judicial system
8. how and whether courts decisions are translated into actual policy
12. judges play minimal policy-making roles, leaving that strictly to the legislatures
13. requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case
16. case in which the supreme courts unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit
18. a constraint on the courts, requiring that a case must be capable of being settled by legal methods
20. presidential appointee and the third ranking member of the department of justice
21. "the the decision stand"