Chapter 18

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Across
  1. 3. Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe,
  2. 8. cultural and intellectual movement of Northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
  3. 10. French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine
  4. 14. Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.
  5. 16. (1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity.
  6. 18. Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional
  7. 19. Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.
  8. 22. (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in
  9. 24. (1632-1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.
  10. 25. (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy.
  11. 26. German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church
  12. 29. A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South america, North American, and Asia.
  13. 30. author of the prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance
Down
  1. 1. Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.
  2. 2. originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
  3. 4. General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attach on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief
  4. 5. English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump
  5. 6. War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
  6. 7. argued that new political rights should extend to women.
  7. 9. introduced moveable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books
  8. 11. concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king.
  9. 12. focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
  10. 13. Kind of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church
  11. 15. Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIll with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death.
  12. 17. (January 22, 1561-April 9, 1626) English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist; an influential member of the Scientific Revolution; best known for work on the scientific method.
  13. 20. Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.
  14. 21. predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of
  15. 23. of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries.
  16. 27. encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America.
  17. 28. Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.