Chapter 2 biology

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Across
  1. 2. basic physical and functional units of heredity, made up of DNA
  2. 9. has five carbon atoms as sugars (a base and a sugar)
  3. 12. solution wherein water is the dissolving medium or solvent
  4. 14. molecules typically have polar groups enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water and polar solvents
  5. 15. how hot or cold something is in terms of measurment
  6. 17. energy-rich compound made of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
  7. 20. are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface
  8. 23. a polymer made of saccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, common are cellulose, starches and complex carbohydrates
  9. 25. a disaccharide made up of two sugars, found in milk
  10. 28. how nature moves energy at an extremely rapid rate
  11. 31. sugars sound in nucleic acids, combination of a base and a sugar called nucleoside
  12. 32. are made up od DNA and protein combined as chromatin
  13. 33. chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two
  14. 35. class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus (RNA)
  15. 36. mRNA is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
  16. 37. complex conducting tissue dound in vascular plants
  17. 38. molecular compounds made from just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  18. 40. acids a molecule consisting of the basic amino group
  19. 42. subgroup of components found in the body
  20. 43. an iron-containing biomolecule made up of four haem groups and globin
  21. 48. breaking of many of the weak linkages or bonds within the protein molecule
  22. 49. a complete set of proteins by a genome in a particular cell in its entire life cycle
  23. 53. semitransparent substance that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as shells of crustaceans
  24. 55. process of generationg energy by the oxidation of nutrients, using an external electron acceptor other then oxygen
  25. 56. a molecule in which an enzyme acts and the enzyme catlyze chemical reactions involving the substrate
  26. 57. first step of gene expression, segment of DNA copied into RNA by enzyme polymerase
  27. 58. electronegativity of the atoms will be equal
  28. 60. commonly used to refer specifically to the breakdown of food and its transformation into energy
  29. 62. hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, responsible for many of its properties EX.high specific heat
  30. 64. molecules of the same type are attracted to each other EX. water to water
  31. 65. nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA
  32. 68. process where cells of organisms change during developement
  33. 71. a salt of phosphoric acid, composed of phosphorous and oxygen
  34. 73. transmembrane protein in intestinal epithelial cells or enterocytes, function is to break lactose into sugars
  35. 74. process of duplicating an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA
  36. 75. a chain of amino acids bond together with peptide bonds
  37. 79. process of creating protein molecules
  38. 80. a chemical reaction where water breaks down, the opposite of condensation
  39. 82. type of lipid molecule, main component of the cell membrane
  40. 84. organisms that are capable of photosynthesis
  41. 86. changing atoms into charged ions
  42. 87. main substance that makes up the cell walls and fibre of plants
  43. 88. a simple sugar, is the building blocks of a more complex sugar, carbohydrate
  44. 91. ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent as a solute
  45. 92. solution unable to absorb or dissolve any more of a solute at a given temperature and pressure
  46. 93. enableswater to interact with various compounds ( water is a polar molecule)
  47. 94. sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code
  48. 95. lipids, hydrophobic and insoluble in water EX. testosterone, estrogen etc.
  49. 96. end product of glycolysis converted into acetyl coA
  50. 97. cycle second major step in the aerobic oxidation of glucose within living organisms
Down
  1. 1. a single strand of nucleotides and occurs in a variety of shapes and sizes
  2. 2. type of sugar inthe blood, from the foods we eat and is a source of energy for body's cells
  3. 3. molecule that may react chemically to another molecule of the same type to form a large molecule
  4. 4. the electronegativity of the atoms will be different, will not cancel out
  5. 5. made from monomers linked by chemical bonds
  6. 6. components of living cells and a source of energy in organisms
  7. 7. multi-branched polymer of glucose, produced in the liver and muscle cells
  8. 8. any attraction between two unlike molecules
  9. 10. process which a subsstance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered in the process
  10. 11. a chemical reaction, where two molecules combine to form a large molecule with the elimination of a small molecule EX. water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water
  11. 13. is a piece of matter that contains two or more atoms
  12. 16. act of moving molecules or ions across (cell membrane) or through (bloodstream), movement from one place to another
  13. 18. DNA is a molecule that contains the instructions an organisms needs to develope, live and reproduce
  14. 19. breaking down in living organisms of complex substances into simplar ones, release of energy
  15. 21. polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds
  16. 22. small molecules join to make larger ones 'building up'
  17. 24. a conversion that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion
  18. 26. energy released from a substance or absorbed in the formation of a chemical component during chemical reaction
  19. 27. solution is more dilute than a saturated solute meaning it can absorb more substance
  20. 29. compound do not contain either of the two atoms (carbon and hydrogen)
  21. 30. a chemical bond formed between two molecule when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule
  22. 34. building blocks that make our genes
  23. 39. the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time
  24. 41. a molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
  25. 43. weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bond to another alectronegative bond
  26. 44. Four levels of sequences of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
  27. 45. a waxy type of lipid and fat that is insoluble in water like oil or fat
  28. 46. process by which green plants and other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy
  29. 47. the process of producing cellular energy with oxygen
  30. 50. building blocks of proteins
  31. 51. one or more long chains of repeating units called nucleotides, consist of nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate
  32. 52. energy used in active transport or diffusion and a molecule that carries energy within cells
  33. 54. a person's weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared
  34. 59. make protein for portein synthesizer
  35. 61. force present within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet
  36. 63. one of the structural components or building blocks of DNA and RNA, consists of a base pluse a molecule of sugar and one phosphoric acid
  37. 66. sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal
  38. 67. set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells
  39. 69. proteins that act as catalysts within living cells
  40. 70. is usually present in greater amount than the solute
  41. 72. length of a single cycle of a wave measured from crest-to-crest
  42. 76. consists of propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl groups: subunit of fats, oils, and waxes
  43. 77. molecules do not dissolve in water
  44. 78. an enzyme that utilizes energy from nucleoside triphosphate in order to unwind the DNA strand into RNA
  45. 81. solution that is unable to absorb any more of a solute at a given tempurature and pressure
  46. 82. an enzyme synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids
  47. 83. type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances are distributed unformly throughout another substance
  48. 85. simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, bonded to glucose to form disaccharide sucrose
  49. 89. compound will contain a carbon, hydrogen atom to form hydrocarbons
  50. 90. a fatty organic compound that is insoluble in polar solvents