Chapter 22 - Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates

2. The synthesis of glucose from molecules from noncarbohydrate sources.
3. An oxygen-containing environment in the cells.
5. The organelle of cells where energy-releasing reactions take place.
8. A metabolic reaction that requires energy to build large molecules from small molecules.
9. All the chemical reactions in living cells that carry out molecular and energy transformations.
10. The loss of a carbon atom in the form of CO2.
13. A metabolic reaction that releases energy for the cell by the degradation and oxidation of glucose and other molecules.
16. A coenzyme that transports acyl and acetyl groups (CoA).
18. A cyclic process in which lactate produced in muscle is transferred to the liver to be converted to glucose, which can be used again by muscle.
19. A high-energy compound that stores energy in the cells; consists of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
20. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules.
21. The fluid of the cell, which is an aqueous solution of electrolytes and enzymes.

1. The hydrogen acceptor (NAD+) used in oxidation reactions that form carbon–oxygen double bonds.
4. The processes in the gastrointestinal tract that break down large food molecules to smaller ones that pass through the intestinal membrane into the bloodstream.
6. A coenzyme (FAD) for dehydrogenase enzymes that form carbon–carbon double bonds.
7. A metabolic pathway that oxidizes glucose to produce NADPH for anabolic reactions and five-carbon sugars required for the synthesis of nucleotides.
11. The breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.
12. The compound that forms when a two-carbon acetyl unit bonds to coenzyme A.
14. The anaerobic conversion of glucose by enzymes in yeast to yield ethanol and CO2.
15. A condition in cells when there is no oxygen.
17. The compound formed by the hydrolysis of ATP; consists of adenine, a ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups.
20. The 10 oxidation reactions of glucose that yield two pyruvate molecules.