Chapter 2.3

2. China’s second Five-Year Plan, begun in 1958, which forced collectivization of agriculture and rapid industrialization
5. certificates that could be used to purchase government-owned property during privatization
9. independent Polish labor union founded in 1980 by Lech Walesa
10. gross domestic product on a per person basis; can be expressed in current or constant dollars
13. established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, its 28 member countries make it the largest single unified market in the world in terms of population and output
15. market in which goods and services are sold illegally
16. conversion of state-owned factories and other property to private ownership
17. national policy of avoiding international alliances and economic interactions

1. requiring large amounts of capital in relation to labor.
3. fundamental restructuring of the Soviet economy; policy introduced by Gorbachev
4. forced common ownership of factors of production; used in the former Soviet Union in agriculture and manufacturing
6. comprehensive, centralized economic plan used by the Soviet Union and China to coordinate development of agriculture and industry
7. shift of an economy, or part of an economy, from private ownership to government ownership
8. central planning authority in the former Soviet Union that devised and directed Five-Year Plans
11. entering into an activity
12. number of people per square mile of land area
14. independently owned group of Japanese firms joined and governed by an external board of directors in order to regulate competition