Chapter 3: Radiation Biology

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Across
  1. 4. occurs when an x-ray photon ionizes water, the primary component of living cells
  2. 5. the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to patient tissues
  3. 7. not seen in the irradiated person but are passed on to future generations; Radiation injuries that produce changes in genetic cells and do not affect the health of the exposed individual. Affect the health of the offspring; cannot be repaired.
  4. 13. seen in a person who has been irradiated; radiation injuries that produce changes in somatic cells and produce poor health in the irradiated individual including the induction of cataracts and cancer (leukemia); not transmitted to future generations
  5. 15. rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place (dose rate =dose/time)
  6. 17. is used to correlate the “response,” or damage, of tissues with the “dose,” or amount, of radiation received.
  7. 18. the time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs
  8. 20. radiation injury that suggests that x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which in turn damage the cell.
  9. 21. when x-rays strike patient tissues; produced through the photoelectric effect or Compton scatter and results in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron.
Down
  1. 1. Effects that appear after years, decades, or generations; associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period
  2. 2. the effects of radiation exposure are additive, and unrepaired damage accumulates in the tissues; repeated exposure can lead to health problems
  3. 3. (deterministic effects) Occur only after a threshold of exposure has been exceeded. The severity of deterministic effects increases as the dose of exposure increases; caused by significant cell damage (lethal DNA damage) or cell death
  4. 6. a cell that is sensitive to radiation
  5. 8. Quantity of radiation received, or total amount of radiation energy absorbed; More damage occurs when tissues absorb large quantities of radiation
  6. 9. after the latent period, effects seen within minutes, days, or weeks; associated with large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short time
  7. 10. a variety of cellular injuries may result, including cell death, changes in cell function breaking or clumping of chromosomes, formation of giant cells, cessation of mitotic activity, and abnormal mitotic activity
  8. 11. last event in the sequence of radiation injury
  9. 12. a cell that is resistant to radiation
  10. 14. a short-term effect and includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and hemorrhage; not applicable to dentistry
  11. 16. radiation injury that suggests that cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas, or targets, within the cell.
  12. 19. occur as a result of the effect of ionizing radiation on chromosomes that result in genetic mutations; the probability of occurrence increases with increasing absorbed dose; do not have a dose threshold