Chapter 4

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Across
  1. 3. The “gathering, transmitting, or losing” of information related to the national defense in such a manner that the informati9on becomes available to enemies of the U.S. and may be used to their advantage.
  2. 5. a rule of conduct, generally found enacted in the form of a statute, that proscribes or mandates certain forms of behavior
  3. 6. written or codified law, “the law on the books”, as enacted by a government body having the power to make laws.
  4. 9. A minor violation of state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty or by a specified term of incarceration
  5. 11. A person’s reason for committing a crime
  6. 13. the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a crime.Is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed. It is a necessary element of many crimes.
  7. 15. The facts that show that a crime has occurred. The term literally means “the body of the crime”.
  8. 17. A form of defense used in criminal procedure wherein the accused attempts to prove that they were in some other place at the time the alleged offense was committed.
  9. 21. A criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least 1 year.
  10. 22. Latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided"
  11. 25. Behavior in which a person fails to reasonably perceive the substantial and unjustifiable risks of dangerous consequences.
  12. 26. the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a crime, commonly defined as a criminal act that was the result of voluntary bodily movement.
  13. 27. In a specific crime, one of the essential features of that crime, as specified by law or statute.
  14. 29. Refers to a court decision that is considered as authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts, or similar legal issues.
  15. 30. A wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
Down
  1. 1. The system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs.
  2. 2. A degree of force that is appropriate in a given situation and is not excessive.
  3. 3. A defense to criminal charges on the basis that the defendant only committed the crime because of harassment or coercion by a government official. Without such coercion, the crime would never have been committed.
  4. 4. Latin for “after the fact”, most typically used to refer to a criminal statute that punishes actions retroactively, thereby criminalizing conduct that was legal when originally performed.
  5. 7. defense based on claims of a mental condition that may be insufficient to exonerate the defendant of guilt but that may be relevant to specific mental elements of certain crimes or degrees of crime.
  6. 8. A legal defense in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims it was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil.
  7. 10. In the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime.
  8. 12. A legal defense based on claims of mental illness or mental incapacity.
  9. 14. A legal defense in which the defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal law.
  10. 16. Evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney to show why the defendant should not be held liable for a criminal charge.
  11. 18. A rule for determining insanity, which asks whether the defendant knew what he / she was doing
  12. 19. body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature or wrongs committed against the state or society. Also called penal law.
  13. 20. An offense punishable by incarceration, usually in a local confinement facility, for a period whose upper limit is prescribed by statute in a given jurisdiction, typically 1 year or less
  14. 23. Activity that increases the risk of harm.
  15. 24. The protection of oneself or one’s property from unlawful injury or from the immediate risk of unlawful injury.
  16. 28. A U.S. citizen’s actions help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the United States. Also, the attempt to overthrow the government of the society of which one is a member.