Chapter 4

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Across
  1. 4. Freud’s theory of development that outlines the process by which energy is expressed through different erogenous parts of the body during different stages of development
  2. 5. concept in Piaget’s cognitive theory as one of two processes people use to learn and incorporate new information.
  3. 9. plan, scheme, or framework that helps make an organizational pattern from which to operate; in Piaget’s theory, cognitive schemas are used for thinking.
  4. 11. A concept in Piaget’s cognitive theory as one of two processes people use to learn and incorporate new information
  5. 13. The term in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory that defines which children can learn.
  6. 15. Not conscious, without awareness, occurring below the level of conscious thought.
  7. 16. Maslow’s theory that describes the conditions for health and well-being in a pyramid of human needs
  8. 20. The set of principles set forth by Abraham Maslow for a person’s wellness or ability to be the most that a person can be; the state of being that results from having met all the basic and growth needs.
  9. 23. Bandura’s theory about learning that emphasizes the cognitive processes of observational learning.
  10. 25. The sociocultural dimension of being female or male that includes identity and appropriate roles
  11. 26. The discipline that blends neuroscience, psychology, cognitive science, and education to apply knowledge of brain function with new ways of learning and teaching.
  12. 28. The argument regarding human development that centers around two opposing viewpoints
  13. 30. A form of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by what is reinforced.
  14. 32. The sense of self that develops and grows more complex over a lifetime.
  15. 33. The field of cognitive study that involves the brain, neural anatomy of the body, and the functions of the brain that affect development
Down
  1. 1. The orderly set of changes in the life span that occurs as individuals move from conception to death
  2. 2. Vygotsky’s term for guidance, assistance, or cognitive structures that help a child learn.
  3. 3. The relational bond that connects a child to another important person; feelings and behaviors of devotion or positive connection.
  4. 6. The acquisition of skills and behaviors by observing others.
  5. 7. psychological issues that deal with how people relate to others and the problems that arise on a social level
  6. 8. group of general principles, ideas, or proposed explanations for explaining some kind of phenomenon
  7. 10. To balance equally; in Piaget’s theory, the thinking process by which a person “makes sense” and puts into balance new information with what is already known.
  8. 12. A form of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by what is reinforced.
  9. 14. A form of learning in which one stimulus is repeatedly paired with another so that the second one brings forth a response.
  10. 17. A theory of intelligence, proposed by Howard Gardner, that outlines several different kinds of intelligence, rather than the notion of intelligence as measured by standardized testing, such as the IQ.
  11. 18. tentative theory or assumption made to draw inferences or test conclusions
  12. 19. A process by which the brain reacts to perceived threat
  13. 21. Aspects of theory or development that refer to the social and cultural issues; key descriptor of Vygotsky’s theory of development.
  14. 22. The kind of psychological learning, first characterized in the behaviorist theory of Pavlov, that takes place when pairing something that rousts or incites an activity with the activity itself in a way that the stimulus (such as a bell) will trigger a response (such as salivating in anticipation of food that usually arrives after the bell is sounded
  15. 24. process of growth whereby a body matures regardless of, and relatively independent of, intervention such as exercise, experience, or environment.
  16. 27. The process of learning the rules and behaviors expected when in situations with others.
  17. 29. A term coined by Ramirez and Casteneda to describe a set of experiences and environments that promote children’s ability to use more than one mode of thinking or linguistic system
  18. 31. The part of behaviorist theory, first coined by Bandura, that describes learning through observing and imitating an example. The model observed can be real, filmed, or animated; and the child mimics in order to acquire the behavior.