Chapter 4

5. A growth or tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body.
8. The control center of the cell that contains DNA and directs all cell activities.
10. The movement of water and small particles across a membrane due to pressure.
13. When cells or tissues shrink or waste away due to lack of use, nutrients, or nerve supply.
14. A total lack of oxygen reaching body tissues or cells.
15. Cell division that creates reproductive cells (sperm or egg) with half the usual number of chromosomes.
17. The natural, planned process in which cells self-destruct when they’re damaged or no longer needed.
19. Substances found in blood or tissues that can show normal body processes or signs of disease.
20. An abnormal mass of cells that can be benign or malignant.
21. An increase in the size of existing cells, like muscle cells getting larger with exercise.
22. Unplanned or accidental cell death, often due to injury or lack of blood flow.
23. Cell division that produces two identical cells, used for growth and repair.

1. An increase in the number of normal cells, often leading to tissue enlargement.
2. The movement of molecules from an area where there’s more of them to an area where there’s less.
3. A disease caused by uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body.
4. A balanced state where movement into and out of a system is equal.
6. A small structure inside the nucleus that helps make ribosomes.
7. The cell’s main energy source; a molecule that stores and provides energy for cell functions.
9. Substances dissolved in a liquid (like sugar in water).
11. Abnormal changes in the size, shape, or organization of cells.
12. A condition where tissues receive less oxygen than normal.
15. The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
16. Tiny structures within a cell that perform specific jobs (like mitochondria or ribosomes).
18. The movement of water through a membrane from an area of more water to an area of less water.