Chapter 4

2. The special bond that develops between infants and their primary caregiver and provides infants with emotional security. The quality of attachment has lifelong effects on our relationships with loved ones.
5. The second stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, emphasizing conformity to rules that are defined by others’ approval or society’s rules.
8. A style of attachment in which infants shun their mothers, who are suspected of being intrusive and overstimulating.
9. The third stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, emphasizing moral reasoning on the basis of individual principles and conscience.
10. inhibition: A dimension of temperament describing a fearful way of reacting to novel stimuli.
12. The belief that all things, including inanimate objects, are alive.
13. An awareness that physical quantities remain the same even when they change shape or appearance.
15. A style of attachment in which infants are uncertain in their response to their mothers, going back and forth between seeking and shunning her attention. These mothers have been characterized as insensitive and less involved.
18. The process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.

1. The process of changing one’s understanding of the world to accommodate ideas that conflict with existing concepts.
3. The first stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, emphasizing compliance with rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards.
4. The tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem.
6. The inability to step into another’s shoes and understand the other person’s point of view.
7. A style of attachment in which infants are described as warm and responsive to their mothers.
11. The inability to imagine “undoing” a process.
14. A type of temperament that is characterized by an intense, irregular, withdrawing style that is generally marked by negative moods.
16. Qualities of responsiveness to the environment that exist from birth and evoke different reactions from people in the baby’s world. Temperament is generally considered to be a biologically based style of interacting with the world.
17. A type of temperament that is defined by a very regular, adaptable, mildly intense style of behavior that is positive and responsive.