Chapter 4 Managing Ecosystems & Biodiversity Keywords

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Across
  1. 3. Infertile acidic soils characterized by white or gray subsurface layers. Minerals have been leached into lower dark coloured horizons. It is typically found under temperate coniferous woodland.
  2. 5. The process of moving farming fields from one place to another every few years to allow the soils to recover.
  3. 6. The original rock that smaller rocks or soils are formed from through weathering.
  4. 11. The rate at which energy is converted into organic material through photosynthesis by plants
  5. 16. Leached basic or slightly acidic soils with clay-rich B horizons.
  6. 19. Relating to or characteristic of the climatic zone south of the Arctic.
  7. 21. a species that is not native to an area, and is able to outcompete other species causing changes to the balance in an ecosystem.
  8. 22. The rate at which ecosystems producers convert solar energy into biomass
  9. 24. A top-down process, where a change made at the top of a food web makes a change throughout the food web and the ecosystem.
  10. 26. An ecosystem that has been broken up into patches that are too far apart for all the species to properly interact and reproduce.
  11. 27. the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms.
  12. 31. A soil of an order comprising mineral soils that have yet to differentiate into distinct horizons.
  13. 32. A soil of an order comprising typically saline or alkaline soils with very little organic matter, characteristic of arid regions.
  14. 34. The vertical layering of an ecosystem. With different species occupying different horizontal layers within the ecosystem.
  15. 36. the process whereby organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and have offspring with the same adaptations; those offspring are more likely to survive and breed.
  16. 37. Pores in the leaf or stem of the plant, forming a slit which allows the movement of gases in and out of the spaces between the cells.
  17. 38. A biome found far north in Asia and Alaska which is characterised by long cold, dark winters, and short cool summers. Permafrost limits vegetation growth to short shrubs and grasses.
  18. 39. A hardy species which is capable of being the first to colonise disturbed or newly formed environments.
Down
  1. 1. Planting trees in areas where they have been cut down.
  2. 2. An ecological cascade is a series of secondary changes or extinctions that occur due to the extinction of a primary species within an ecosystem.
  3. 4. Rainfall occurs when the energy of the sun heats up the earth surface and causes water to evaporate, changing to water vapour. This then condenses to form clouds at higher altitudes.
  4. 7. primary productivity The rate that the producers produce and store energy minus the loss of energy through respiration.
  5. 8. A layer of soil parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from those above or below.
  6. 9. A large ecological zone characterised by its soil, climate, vegetation and wildlife. E.g. Tropical rain forest is a biome.
  7. 10. A habitat that is small or limited in extent and differs from the surrounding habitat.
  8. 12. The trees found along the edges of a forest or cleared area.
  9. 13. The gradual process by which an ecosystem develops and changes in a region that has not previously been colonised, for example new lava flows.
  10. 14. The action of clearing forested areas; cutting down of trees.
  11. 15. Highly weathered leached red or red-yellow soils with a clay-rich B horizon. Found in warm humid climates.
  12. 17. The gradual process by which an ecosystem develops and changes in a region that has previously been colonised, however, it has been disturbed, damaged or removed.
  13. 18. The process of selecting specific trees for harvesting in a forest.
  14. 20. Areas of permanently frozen ground.
  15. 23. The protection and scientific management of natural areas to protect biodiversity in a sustainable manner.
  16. 25. Farming forest trees and crops alongside each other.
  17. 28. Soils found in very cold climates which contain permafrost within two meters of the soil surface.
  18. 29. A biome with grassy plains and few trees, in the tropical and subtropics.
  19. 30. A species that originated and developed in a specific ecosystem or region and adapted to living in that area.
  20. 33. Stable, highly weathered, tropical mineral soils with highly oxidised subsurface soils.
  21. 35. A hostile, barren landscape where less than 250mm of precipitation occurs annually, and biodiversity is low.