Chapter 4 Review
Across
- 3. - A cell resistant to radiation. Ex.) muscle, nerve, mature bone
- 5. - Recognizes that different materials that receive the same exposure may not absorb the same amount of energy – amount of energy absorbed by a tissue. Measures the amount of radiation energy transferred to some mass of material, typically humans
- 10. - More damage occurs when _______ quantities of radiation are absorbed by a tissue
- 11. - The time that elapses between exposure and observable clinical signs. The damage is done but it is not visible yet
- 14. - effects that are seen within minutes, days, or week following latent period. large amounts of radiation in a short period of time. do not apply to dentistry
- 15. Produced through photoelectric effect or Compton scatter . Results in formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron. Electron interacts with other atoms giving off kinetic energy and causing further ionizations
- 17. - Consists of all other cells other than reproductive. Ex.) cells of skin, hair, blood, glands, bone, nerves, muscles. Do not undergo cell mutation; they are able to heal themselves up to a certain point
- 18. - Primary means by which x-ray causes cell damage. Occurs when an x-ray photon ionizes water (primary component of living cells)
- 21. another t
- 22. in the (__same word___) body tissues have thinned, and the body is less capable of repair thus the (__same word___) are considered more radiosensitive than a middle-aged adult
- 23. unit for for Roentgen (R)
- 25. __________ instead of round collimation reduces absorbed dose by 60-70%
- 26. - Reproductive cells (ova, sperm). Undergo cell mutation (ie: cannot repair themselves)
- 29. - Randomly determined. Having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely
- 31. - Refers to the quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed
- 33. - Refers to rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place
- 35. - measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in cubic centimeter of air. measures radiation exposure
- 36. - A cell sensitive to radiation. Ex.) small lymphocyte, bone marrow, reproductive
- 37. - The larger ________ (irradiated), the greater the injury to the individual. Damage occurs to the blood forming tissues
Down
- 1. Chemical changes can occur within the cell thus causing ______ damage
- 2. - Somatic effects that have a threshold. Increase in severity as absorbed dose increases. Caused by significant cell damage – then physical effects occur. EX)ERYTHEMA
- 4. - Occur as a direct function of dose. Severity of the effects is not dependent on the magnitude of the absorbed dose. Due to effect of ionizing radiation chromosomes. Ex) CANCER
- 6. ______ kVp reduces skin dose
- 7. Long cone _________ technique and longer target-to-film distance reduces skin dose
- 8. _____ ionization = hydrogen + hydroxyl free radicals
- 9. Equal to the one one-thousandth of a Roentgen
- 12. - The study of the effect of ionizing radiation on living tissue
- 13. - A unit that relates the dose of any radiation to the biological effect of that dose – different types of radiation have different effects on tissues
- 16. - small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period of time. apply to dentistry
- 19. - There is evidence of cell damage as a result of ionizing radiation targeting critical areas. Occurs more infrequently. Most x-ray photons pass through the cell and cause little or no damage
- 20. one Roentgen of gamma radiation exposure results in ______ rad of absorbed dose
- 24. - More damage occurs in cells that are most sensitive to radiation – ex.) young cells
- 27. ________ film instead of D-speed film – reduces the absorbed dose by 60%
- 28. - X-ray photons are absorbed within cell causing toxins thus damaging the cell. . Damage is not a result of a direct “hit” by x-ray photons. Occurs frequently because of the high-water content in the cells (70-80%)
- 30. Follows the latent period. Cellular damage may result
- 32. Uncharged (neutral) atoms or molecules that exists with single, unpaired electron in its outermost orbit (shell). It possesses characteristics of instability and high reactivity
- 34. another unit for Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)