Chapter 4 Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 4. ,speech accompanied by conduct such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations; protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by considerations of public order
  2. 7. ,an oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
  3. 9. ,the ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment
  4. 11. of rights ,the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people
  5. 12. ,jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial; grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocencedouble jeopardy
  6. 15. restraint ,an effort by a governmental agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship; in the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances
  7. 17. incorporation ,the process by which different protections in the Bill of Rights were incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus guaranteeing citizens protection from state as well as national governments
  8. 18. ,the right of government to take private property for public use
  9. 19. test ,a rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman that government action toward religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of religion, and does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion
Down
  1. 1. ,a written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
  2. 2. ,the Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime
  3. 3. exercise clause ,the First Amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion they choose
  4. 5. ,speech that directly incites damaging conduct
  5. 6. clause ,the First Amendment clause that says "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"; this constitutional provision means that a "wall of separation" exists between church and state
  6. 8. liberties ,areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference
  7. 10. corpus ,a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention
  8. 13. process of law ,the right of every individual against arbitrary action by national or state governments
  9. 14. ,the right to be left alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail individual access to birth control and abortions
  10. 16. ,the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel