Chapter 4.1 & 4.2 Managing Ecosystems & Biodiversity Keywords

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Across
  1. 1. Areas of permanently frozen ground.
  2. 4. The basic units of heredity (characteristics) passed down from parent to offspring (young). E.g. tall parents are more likely to have all children as their genes carry that characteristic
  3. 7. Pores in the leaf or stem of the plant, forming a slit which allows the movement of gases in and out of the spaces between the cells.
  4. 8. The process by which the structure of a biological community changes over time
  5. 11. A branching diagram or tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical and genetic characteristics
  6. 14. Soils with thick, dark upper layer alkaline rich in humus (organic material). This soil is base rich throughout and very fertile. This soil type is associated with grasslands.
  7. 16. Relating to or characteristic of the climatic zone south of the Arctic. This biome is also known as the Taiga.
  8. 17. The plants of a particular area, region or environment
  9. 18. A biome with grassy plains and few trees, in the tropics and subtropics, typically referred to as a savanna.
  10. 19. A biome found far north in Asia and Alaska which is characterised by long cold, dark winters, and short cool summers. Permafrost limits vegetation growth to short shrubs and grasses.
  11. 20. Originating or occurring in naturally in a specific area; a species that is native to an ecosystem
  12. 21. The rate at which ecosystems producers convert solar energy into biomass
  13. 25. A species that is not native to an area, and is able to outcompete other species causing changes to the balance in an ecosystem.
  14. 29. A species that originated and developed in a specific ecosystem or region and adapted to living in that area.
  15. 31. the rate of production of biomass for an ecosystem
  16. 32. Also known as Podzolic soils (Podzol) are acid soils characterized by a subsurface accumulation of humus that is complexed with Al and Fe. Infertile acidic soils characterized by white or gray subsurface layers. Minerals have been leached into lower dark coloured horizons. It is typically found under temperate coniferous woodland. This soil type is associated with the boreal forest which is also known as the Taiga.
  17. 33. Strongly leached, acid forest soils with relatively low native fertility and high aluminum oxide. Found in warm humid climates. This soil type is associated with tropical rainforests.
  18. 34. Weathered but not as much as ultisols, tropical mineral soils with highly oxidised subsurface soils. Less acidic than ultisols. This is another soil type of the tropical rainforest.
Down
  1. 2. The gradual process by which an ecosystem develops and changes in a region that has previously been colonised, however, it has been disturbed, damaged or removed
  2. 3. A variation between high and low air temperatures that occurs during the same day (e.g. changes between night and daytime temperatures.
  3. 5. The process by which living organisms have developed and adapted into different forms
  4. 6. The gradual process by which an ecosystem develops and changes in a region that has not previously been colonised, for example new lava flows
  5. 9. Rainfall that occurs when the energy of the sun heats up Earth’s surface and causes water to evaporate and become water vapour. This then condenses to form clouds at higher altitudes.
  6. 10. The rate at which energy is converted into organic material through photosynthesis by plants
  7. 12. Soils that are formed in an environment underlain by permafrost, thus referred to as permafrost soils. This soil type is associated with tundra.
  8. 13. The rate that the producers produce and store energy minus the loss of energy through respiration.
  9. 15. The original rock that smaller rocks or soils are formed from through weathering.
  10. 17. The animal life characteristics of an area, region or environment
  11. 22. Restoring an area of land to its natural undisturbed state, specifically through the reintroduction of species of wild animals that have been driven out or hunted to extinction in an area
  12. 23. The material in cells that carries hereditary information about how a living organism will look and function. Genes make up portions of the DNA
  13. 24. A hostile, barren landscape where less than 250mm of precipitation occurs annually, and biodiversity is low.
  14. 26. An increase in nutrients in a body of water, results in a rapid growth of algae. Algal blooms cover the surface of the water, forming a green layer. When the algae decay and die, a decline in oxygen level occurs, causing significant ecological degradation.
  15. 27. A hardy species which is capable of being the first to colonise disturbed or newly formed environments
  16. 28. A layer of soil parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from those above or below.
  17. 30. A soil of an order comprising mineral soils that have yet to differentiate into distinct horizons. This soil type is associated with hot deserts.