Chapter 5, 8-11

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Across
  1. 1. the use of very small loans to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development
  2. 3. (Marx) the institutions controlled by the bourgeoisie that perpetuate the system of exploitation
  3. 6. "Rule by theft," where those in power seek only to drain the state of assets and resources
  4. 9. A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
  5. 14. Woods System The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment.
  6. 15. regime A political regime that is controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
  7. 17. A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
  8. 22. A political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the state, bypassing government structures.
  9. 23. war warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations
  10. 28. regime An authoritarian regime that retains the basic structures of democracy but does not protect basic civil liberties
  11. 30. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
  12. 31. substitution a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods
  13. 32. Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
  14. 33. outsourcing using organizations from developing countries to write code and develop systems
  15. 34. seeking activities undertaken by individuals or firms to influence public policy in a way that will increase their incomes
  16. 36. Direct Investment (FDI) Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
  17. 37. deprivation model Model that predicts revolution when public expectations outpace the rate of domestic change
  18. 40. of the proletariat Lenin's argument that an elite communist party would have to carry out revolution, because as a result of false consciousness, historical conditions would not automatically lead to capitalism's demise
  19. 41. an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.
  20. 43. An arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will
  21. 48. income countries countries that lack significant economic development or political institutionalization or both; also known as less-developed countries (LDCs)
  22. 49. Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).
  23. 51. A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
  24. 52. the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
  25. 55. American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
  26. 56. Politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party
  27. 57. A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Down
  1. 2. organization (IGO) An organization (such as the United Nations and its agencies) whose members are state governments.
  2. 4. planning A communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of goods, and where they should be sold
  3. 5. terrorism the use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state's intelligence agency, to achieve political aims
  4. 7. A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
  5. 8. A method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state.
  6. 10. therapy Policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy as possible.
  7. 11. violence the use of force by states or non-state actors to achieve political goals
  8. 12. programs/Washington Consensus policy preferences of institutions based in Washington D.C., such as the World Bank and IMF
  9. 13. a total rejection of established laws and/or morals and beliefs
  10. 16. industrialization a mercantilist strategy for economic growth in which a country seeks out technologies and develops industries focused specifically on the export market
  11. 18. Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
  12. 19. A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia
  13. 20. emphasizing the centrality of ideas and norms in shaping behavior and interactions
  14. 21. curse the difficulties faced by resource-rich developing countries, including dependence on exporting one or a few commodities whose prices fluctuate, as well as potentials for corruption and inequality
  15. 24. (in Marxist theory) refers to the underlying economic and material conditions of society
  16. 25. a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.
  17. 26. countries a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially.
  18. 27. Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
  19. 29. economy Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy
  20. 35. income countries nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
  21. 38. organizations (NGOs) International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.
  22. 39. Partnership (TPP) A multilateral free trade agreement being negotiated by 12 Asia Pacific countries
  23. 42. corporation (MNC) As one of the primary agents of globalization, this business has headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more other countries; sometimes called a transnational corporation.
  24. 44. materialism The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways.
  25. 45. A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.
  26. 46. A process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support
  27. 47. regime A set of rules, norms, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy).
  28. 50. Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
  29. 53. Committee Supposedly the most important body in a communist party; its influence declined as it grew in size and the party needed daily leadership.
  30. 54. Authoritarianism A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation