Chapter 7

1. punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
3. ways to encourage conformity to society's norms
4. the process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status
7. a system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes
11. rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms
13. the theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts and norms to which they are exposed
15. the theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
16. the theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve them
18. behavior that overconforms to social expectations
19. deviance that becomes a lifestyle and part of an individual's identity
20. a person who breaks significant societal or group norms
21. an undesirable label used to deny a deviant acceptance
23. the theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
24. a repetition of, or return to, criminal behavior

2. a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prison
5. discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
6. behavior that departs from societal or group norms
8. behavior that underconforms to accepted norms
9. job-related crimes committed by high-status people
10. a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent
12. only occasional breaking of norms
14. punishment intended to make criminals pay monetary compensation to make up for the financial damage caused by their acts
17. the process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
22. an act committed in violation of the law