Chapter 7 Key Terms

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Across
  1. 3. A measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being a neutral. A pH below 7 is an acidic solution; a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution.
  2. 4. Also known as redox; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.
  3. 7. liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.
  4. 10. Easily absorbs moisture; in chemistry terms, capable of combining with or attracting water (water-loving).
  5. 13. The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.
  6. 16. Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin. Free radicals are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process that are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen).
  7. 20. When an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water and a salt.
  8. 21. Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
  9. 22. The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction.
  10. 25. A colorless gaseous element that makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere and is found chiefly in ammonia and nitrates.
  11. 26. Matter that has volume, no definite shape and will take shape of its container, such as water.
  12. 27. The abbreviation used for potential hydrogen; relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions.
  13. 28. most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75 percent of the Earth’s surface and about 65 percent of the human body.
  14. 31. A substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.
  15. 32. Acronym for surface active agent; reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability; allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify.
  16. 34. The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
  17. 37. A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
  18. 38. Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).
  19. 39. Change in the chemical properties of a substance that is the result of a chemical reaction in which a new substance or substances are formed that have properties different from the original.
  20. 41. A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances.
  21. 42. Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, and turn litmus paper from blue to red.
  22. 44. An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.
  23. 48. A method of displaying data in multiples of 10.
  24. 49. Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances.
  25. 52. Also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts; have a pH above 7.0 (neutral), taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue.
  26. 53. An anion (an ion with a negative electrical charge) with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom.
  27. 54. Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen; a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste.
Down
  1. 1. Combinations of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.
  2. 2. A state of matter that is rigid with a definite size and shape, such as ice.
  3. 5. An ion with a negative electrical charge.
  4. 6. Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
  5. 8. Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed composition and in any proportions.
  6. 9. Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; the lightest element known.
  7. 11. The most abundant element on Earth.
  8. 12. Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.
  9. 14. Either the addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
  10. 15. Study of substances that contain carbon.
  11. 17. Droplets of water dispersed in an oil.
  12. 18. The gaseous mixture that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere. It is odorless, colorless, and generally consists of about 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume.
  13. 19. Oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.
  14. 23. Protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin.
  15. 24. Matter without a definite shape or size. No fixed volume or shape; takes the shape of its container.
  16. 27. Change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance.
  17. 29. Used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose. They are vitamins such as A, C, and E, which can be applied topically in products or taken internally to increase healthy body functions.
  18. 30. Those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
  19. 33. To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen.
  20. 35. Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.
  21. 36. Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.
  22. 37. Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
  23. 39. Ion with a positive electrical charge.
  24. 40. Molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.
  25. 43. The separation of an atom or molecule into positive or negative ions.
  26. 45. A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.
  27. 46. The three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
  28. 47. Capable of being mixed; liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions.
  29. 50. An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
  30. 51. The simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity.