Chapter 7: Vocabulary

Across

3. ,closed communication systems in which individual beliefs are amplified or reinforced by repetition; they may increase social and political polarization because users do not encounter opposing views
6. ,the tendency to favor information that confirms a person's existing beliefs; it involves discounting evidence that could disprove or challenge those beliefs
10. ,political blogs and talk shows where the writer or host provides highly opinionated personal commentary, usually through conversations with guests; these formats blur the boundaries between objective journalism and subjective reporting
14. ,organizations that adhere to the principles of journalism by doing original, balanced, factual reporting; using unpaid, credible sources; conducting interviews ethically; and avoiding personal bias by editors or reporters
16. ,communication methods such as television and radio; they tend to take the form of one publisher (e.g., a television station) to many (viewers)
17. ,the media's designation of some issues, events, or people as important and others not
18. ,false, inaccurate, or misleading information in the media, especially social media; often targeting political candidates and leaders, mis_information can include mani_pulated or fabricated content, satire, and parody content to the public via airwaves on electromagnetic frequencies
19. ,the putting forth of opinion and information that is consistent with the consumer's preexisting beliefs
20. ,news reporting and political commentary by ordinary citizens and bystanders, advocacy groups, and eyewitnesses to crises, often using cell phone images or video and distributed via social media
21. ,giant, often global, corporations that control a wide array of media, including television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book and newspaper publishers, and digital media outlets

Down

1. ,websites that pull together news from a wide range of online sources and make them available on one platform or page; news aggregators can be a way to avoid partisan or filtered news, providing a broad overview of the news of the day from many sources
2. ,digital sites that are owned and managed by newspapers, follow the principles of journalism, and deliver content like that of print newspapers, with similar story layout for all users regardless of location, demographic characteristics, partisanship, or friend networks
4. ,the process of calling attention to some issues, and not others, when reporting on political events and officials
5. ,reporting that involves being as accurate, fair, and balanced as possible, relying on original sources, being transparent about citing sources, and presenting multiple viewpoints
7. ,news organizations that mix opinion-driven journalism with factual reporting in order to appeal to consumers who are ideologically liberal or conservative; often characterized by ideological agenda setting, priming, and framing
8. ,the publishing or broadcasting of information or opinion as quickly as possible, with minimal fact-checking
9. ,software programs that analyze the viewing, liking, and commenting data of all of a platform's users, as well as individual users' prior data, to present users with additional content tailored to their individual interests instead of ordering posts based on the most recently published (as broadcast media do)
11. ,partisan media environments in which users are exposed primarily to opinions and information that conform to their existing beliefs; constructed by algorithms that analyze and then personalize each user's online experience
12. ,a form of reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or hostile posture toward the government and public officials
13. ,print and digital forms of communication—including television, newspapers, radio, the internet, and social media sites—that convey information to large audiences
15. ,the process of presenting information from a certain perspective in order to shape the audience's understanding of that information