Chapter 8
Across
- 6. Results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true.
- 9. Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
- 10. Behavior that violates society's norms.
- 14. Sociologist who developed the strain theory.
- 15. People who study criminal behavior.
- 18. In some kind of public setting the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.
- 21. The practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white Americans.
- 22. A large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
- 24. Other sociologist who heavily influenced the development of labeling theory.
- 25. Sociologist who developed the idea of the degradation ceremony.
- 26. The threat or actual use of violence to achieve political goals.
- 28. The frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals.
- 29. Control theorist who believes that people develop bonds in four ways.
- 30. The system of police, courts, and corrections.
Down
- 1. Focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant.
- 2. The term for repeated criminal behavior.
- 3. Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority.
- 4. Sociologist who heavily influenced the development of labeling theory.
- 5. People suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.
- 7. The police have considerable power to decide who is actually arrested.
- 8. Explains deviance as a learned behavior.
- 11. Explains deviance as a natural occurrence.
- 12. Conflict theorist who believes that the ruling classes label any behavior that threatens their power base as deviant.
- 13. The process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
- 16. Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
- 17. Sets deviant apart from society.
- 19. Sociologist and criminologist who first proposed the concept of differential association.
- 20. Offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
- 23. Sanctions used to punish criminals.
- 27. The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.