chapter 8

2. – Eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts and molds, that can cause opportunistic infections.
4. – The body’s ability to resist or fight off infection through defense mechanisms.
7. of Entry – The path through which a pathogen enters a new host (e.g., surgical incision, mucous membrane).
8. – A dormant, resistant form of bacteria that can survive extreme conditions.
11. – A substance used on living tissue to reduce microbial load.
13. of Transmission – How a pathogen is transferred (e.g., direct contact, airborne, droplets).
14. – Microbes that require oxygen to survive and grow.
15. Flora – Microorganisms that naturally reside in and on the body without causing disease under normal conditions.
16. – Single-celled organisms that can be beneficial or pathogenic.
17. Infection – An infection acquired in a hospital setting; also called healthcare-associated infection (HAI).

1. – A non-living infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate.
3. – A microorganism capable of causing disease.
5. Stain – A laboratory staining technique used to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
6. – The process of eliminating most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding spores) on inanimate objects.
9. – Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be parasitic in humans.
10. – The natural habitat of a microorganism where it lives and multiplies.
11. – The absence of pathogenic microorganisms; includes sterile technique in surgery.
12. Period – Time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms.
14. – Microbes that thrive in environments without oxygen.
18. of Infection – The sequence of events that must occur for an infection to spread: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.