Chapter 8 Skeletal System: The Axial System

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Across
  1. 2. It is the absesnce of centra in some vertebrates
  2. 4. Centra that is a bear saddle-shaped articular surfaces at the both ends, common in turtles that retract their necks and in cervical vertebrae of birds
  3. 9. Hemal arches below expand into supportive struts
  4. 11. A unit wherein at the end of the vertebral column, the posterior or thoracic, lumbar, sacral and occasionally caudal vertebrae of birds fuse into
  5. 15. Offers site of origin for chest muscles
  6. 16. Continues rod of fibrous connective tissue wrapping core of fluid cells
  7. 17. Joining the rims of adjacent centra
  8. 18. Provide sites for secure muscle attachment, help suspend the body, forms ribcage and sometimes serve as accessory breathing devices
  9. 21. Twisting movements of the head in amniotes are largely within it
  10. 24. Ribs that meet ventrally with the sternum
  11. 25. It was used as the major criterion to define tetrapod taxa
  12. 27. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the pleurocentrum became predominant
  13. 30. Chain of cartilaginous elements
  14. 33. Resegmented blocks of cells
  15. 36. Projections that extend posteriorly from proximal rib segments, offer sites of attachment for respiratory and shoulder muscles
  16. 37. Generally applies to any process extending from the centrum or the neural arch
  17. 38. It contributes with musculature, to bending of the body, storing elastic energy and transmitting useful forces for locomotion generated by appendages
  18. 39. Derived set of skeletal elements posterior to sternum, also called abdominal ribs
  19. 40. Ribs that have two heads that joints with the vertebrae
Down
  1. 1. Shows the heterocoercal and reversed hetercoercal condition
  2. 3. A tail that is formed if the posterior end of the vertebral column turns upward and into this dorsal lobe forming its central axis
  3. 5. Arriving streams of cells initially form enlarged clusters that are arranged serially along notochord
  4. 6. Composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell within turtles
  5. 7. Also known as ventral rib head
  6. 8. In fishes serves primarily as a compression girder, resisting telescoping of the body during locomotion and translating axial muscle forces into lateral swimming undulations
  7. 10. Vertical (nodding) and horizontal (tiltling) movements of the head in amniotes are limited to it
  8. 12. It delivers propulsive forces, driving the fish forward but also can produce life forces
  9. 13. Found only in mammals, they reside between successive surfaces of adjacent centra
  10. 14. Into the design of vertebrae: differences in design reflect different ______ ______ within parts of the column as well
  11. 19. Composed of centrum, support a neural arch and spine, and is often associated with processes, including ribs
  12. 20. Massive flight muscle that arise from large sternum that bears prominent ventral keel in flying birds
  13. 22. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the intercentrum became predominant
  14. 23. Term means “cut-up spine”
  15. 26. Centra with flat ends suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column
  16. 28. Local mesenchyme condenses at the level of the myosepta these condensations become cartilaginous anlagen called_______.
  17. 29. Tendency to twist or wring the axial column
  18. 31. Vertebral condition of tetrapods wherein all vertebral elements in a segment are fused into a single piece
  19. 32. Consist of ribs and sternal elements that embrace the viscera
  20. 34. Area between the thorax and the hips
  21. 35. Having one centra per segment