Chapter 8 Skeletal System: The Axial System

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Across
  1. 3. Also known as ventral rib head
  2. 5. Term means “cut-up spine”
  3. 6. Massive flight muscle that arise from large sternum that bears prominent ventral keel in flying birds
  4. 7. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the intercentrum became predominant
  5. 8. It is the absesnce of centra in some vertebrates
  6. 11. Composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell within turtles
  7. 16. Centra with flat ends suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column
  8. 17. Generally applies to any process extending from the centrum or the neural arch
  9. 21. It delivers propulsive forces, driving the fish forward but also can produce life forces
  10. 26. It was used as the major criterion to define tetrapod taxa
  11. 27. Local mesenchyme condenses at the level of the myosepta these condensations become cartilaginous anlagen called_______.
  12. 28. Hemal arches below expand into supportive struts
  13. 29. Chain of cartilaginous elements
  14. 30. Offers site of origin for chest muscles
  15. 32. Area between the thorax and the hips
  16. 33. Shows the heterocoercal and reversed hetercoercal condition
  17. 34. It contributes with musculature, to bending of the body, storing elastic energy and transmitting useful forces for locomotion generated by appendages
  18. 36. Derived set of skeletal elements posterior to sternum, also called abdominal ribs
  19. 37. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the pleurocentrum became predominant
Down
  1. 1. Twisting movements of the head in amniotes are largely within it
  2. 2. Resegmented blocks of cells
  3. 4. Having one centra per segment
  4. 8. In fishes serves primarily as a compression girder, resisting telescoping of the body during locomotion and translating axial muscle forces into lateral swimming undulations
  5. 9. Found only in mammals, they reside between successive surfaces of adjacent centra
  6. 10. Vertebral condition of tetrapods wherein all vertebral elements in a segment are fused into a single piece
  7. 12. Tendency to twist or wring the axial column
  8. 13. Joining the rims of adjacent centra
  9. 14. A unit wherein at the end of the vertebral column, the posterior or thoracic, lumbar, sacral and occasionally caudal vertebrae of birds fuse into
  10. 15. Into the design of vertebrae: differences in design reflect different ______ ______ within parts of the column as well
  11. 18. Ribs that have two heads that joints with the vertebrae
  12. 19. Projections that extend posteriorly from proximal rib segments, offer sites of attachment for respiratory and shoulder muscles
  13. 20. Arriving streams of cells initially form enlarged clusters that are arranged serially along notochord
  14. 22. Vertical (nodding) and horizontal (tiltling) movements of the head in amniotes are limited to it
  15. 23. Ribs that meet ventrally with the sternum
  16. 24. Continues rod of fibrous connective tissue wrapping core of fluid cells
  17. 25. Provide sites for secure muscle attachment, help suspend the body, forms ribcage and sometimes serve as accessory breathing devices
  18. 28. A tail that is formed if the posterior end of the vertebral column turns upward and into this dorsal lobe forming its central axis
  19. 31. Composed of centrum, support a neural arch and spine, and is often associated with processes, including ribs
  20. 33. Centra that is a bear saddle-shaped articular surfaces at the both ends, common in turtles that retract their necks and in cervical vertebrae of birds
  21. 35. Consist of ribs and sternal elements that embrace the viscera