Chapter 8 Skeletal System: The Axial System

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940
Across
  1. 2. Local mesenchyme condenses at the level of the myosepta these condensations become cartilaginous anlagen called_______.
  2. 6. Derived set of skeletal elements posterior to sternum, also called abdominal ribs
  3. 7. Hemal arches below expand into supportive struts
  4. 9. Generally applies to any process extending from the centrum or the neural arch
  5. 10. Into the design of vertebrae: differences in design reflect different ______ ______ within parts of the column as well
  6. 13. In fishes serves primarily as a compression girder, resisting telescoping of the body during locomotion and translating axial muscle forces into lateral swimming undulations
  7. 17. Tendency to twist or wring the axial column
  8. 19. Provide sites for secure muscle attachment, help suspend the body, forms ribcage and sometimes serve as accessory breathing devices
  9. 20. Centra that is a bear saddle-shaped articular surfaces at the both ends, common in turtles that retract their necks and in cervical vertebrae of birds
  10. 22. Found only in mammals, they reside between successive surfaces of adjacent centra
  11. 25. Composed of centrum, support a neural arch and spine, and is often associated with processes, including ribs
  12. 26. Composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell within turtles
  13. 27. Area between the thorax and the hips
  14. 28. Also known as ventral rib head
  15. 32. Consist of ribs and sternal elements that embrace the viscera
  16. 33. Twisting movements of the head in amniotes are largely within it
  17. 34. Centra with flat ends suited to receive and distribute compressive forces within the vertebral column
  18. 35. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the intercentrum became predominant
  19. 36. Continues rod of fibrous connective tissue wrapping core of fluid cells
  20. 37. Arriving streams of cells initially form enlarged clusters that are arranged serially along notochord
  21. 38. Shows the heterocoercal and reversed hetercoercal condition
  22. 39. It is the absesnce of centra in some vertebrates
  23. 40. It delivers propulsive forces, driving the fish forward but also can produce life forces
Down
  1. 1. Term means “cut-up spine”
  2. 3. Massive flight muscle that arise from large sternum that bears prominent ventral keel in flying birds
  3. 4. Ribs that meet ventrally with the sternum
  4. 5. Having one centra per segment
  5. 8. Chain of cartilaginous elements
  6. 11. One of various groups of labyrinthodonts wherein the pleurocentrum became predominant
  7. 12. Vertical (nodding) and horizontal (tiltling) movements of the head in amniotes are limited to it
  8. 14. It was used as the major criterion to define tetrapod taxa
  9. 15. Joining the rims of adjacent centra
  10. 16. It contributes with musculature, to bending of the body, storing elastic energy and transmitting useful forces for locomotion generated by appendages
  11. 18. A unit wherein at the end of the vertebral column, the posterior or thoracic, lumbar, sacral and occasionally caudal vertebrae of birds fuse into
  12. 21. Ribs that have two heads that joints with the vertebrae
  13. 23. Offers site of origin for chest muscles
  14. 24. Resegmented blocks of cells
  15. 29. Vertebral condition of tetrapods wherein all vertebral elements in a segment are fused into a single piece
  16. 30. Projections that extend posteriorly from proximal rib segments, offer sites of attachment for respiratory and shoulder muscles
  17. 31. A tail that is formed if the posterior end of the vertebral column turns upward and into this dorsal lobe forming its central axis