Chapter 9 Food & Agriculture Vocab

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Across
  1. 5. A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
  2. 7. The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
  3. 8. The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
  4. 9. Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
  5. 13. Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
  6. 14. Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
  7. 15. An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.
  8. 17. Seed of a cereal grass.
  9. 20. Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
  10. 21. Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area.
  11. 24. Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
  12. 25. Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
  13. 27. Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.
  14. 30. The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.
  15. 32. A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.
  16. 34. The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
  17. 36. A chemical to control unwanted plants.
  18. 37. A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
  19. 38. A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields.
  20. 39. A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
  21. 40. A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
  22. 41. A substance to control pests, including weeds.
  23. 42. A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Down
  1. 1. Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
  2. 2. Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.
  3. 3. Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
  4. 4. A flooded field for growing rice.
  5. 6. The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
  6. 10. The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
  7. 11. A grass that yields grain for food.
  8. 12. The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories
  9. 16. A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
  10. 18. The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
  11. 19. The practice of growing the same single crop year after year.
  12. 22. Relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture.
  13. 23. Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
  14. 26. Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
  15. 28. A form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
  16. 29. A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.
  17. 30. Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
  18. 31. Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
  19. 33. Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation.
  20. 35. The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.