Chapter four

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Across
  1. 2. The process of growth whereby a body matures regardless of, and relatively independent of, intervention such as exercise, experience, or environment
  2. 3. A form of learning in which one stimulus is repeatedly paired with another so that the second one brings forth a response.
  3. 6. Bandura’s theory about learning that emphasizes the cognitive processes of observational learning
  4. 8. A group of general principles, ideas, or proposed explanations for explaining some kind of phenomenon; in this case, child development.
  5. 11. The orderly set of changes in the life span that occurs as individuals move from conception to death.
  6. 12. A tentative theory or assumption made to draw inferences or test conclusions; an interpretation of a practical situation that is then taken as the ground for action.
  7. 13. The kind of psychological learning, first characterized in the behaviorist theory of Pavlov, that takes place when pairing something that rousts or incites an activity with the activity itself in a way that the stimulus (such as a bell) will trigger a response (such as salivating in anticipation of food that usually arrives after the bell is sounded).
Down
  1. 1. A form of learning in which an organism’s behavior is shaped by what is reinforced.
  2. 4. The process of learning the rules and behaviors expected when in situations with others.
  3. 5. A procedure, such as reward or punishment, that changes a response to a stimulus; the act of encouraging a behavior to increase in frequency.
  4. 7. The argument regarding human development that centers around two opposing viewpoints; nature refers to the belief that it is a person’s genetic, inherent character that determines development; nurture applies to the notion that it is the sum total of experiences and the environ-ment that determine development
  5. 9. Not conscious, without awareness, occurring below the level of conscious thought.
  6. 10. Freud’s theory of development that outlines the process by which energy is expressed through different erogenous parts of the body during different stages of development.