Chapter Nine: Complex Cognitive Processes

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Across
  1. 1. Heuristic, Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well the events match your prototypes--- what you think is representative of the category.
  2. 3. Heuristic, Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory, assuming those easily remembered events are common.
  3. 5. Deficiency, Students learn problem-solving strategies, but do not apply them when they could or should.
  4. 7. Strategy, Heuristic in which you start with the goal and move backward to solve the problem.
  5. 11. Influence of previously learned material on new material; the productive (not reproductive) uses of cognitive tools and motivations.
  6. 15. Solving, Creating new solutions for problems.
  7. 16. Map, A drawing that charts the relationships among ideas.
  8. 18. analysis, Heuristic in which a goal is divided into subgoals.
  9. 19. Bias, Seeking information that confirms our choices and beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming evidence.
  10. 21. Control Processes, Processes such as selective attention, rehearsal, elaboration, and organization that influence encoding, storage, and retrieval of information in memory.
  11. 23. Step-by-step procedure for solving a problem; prescription for solutions.
  12. 25. A strategy to guide reading and inquiry: Before--- What do I already know? What do I want to know? After--- What have I learned?
  13. 27. The process of debating a claim with someone else.
  14. 29. Problem Solving, Recognizing a problem as a "disguised" version of an old problem for which one already has a solution.
  15. 30. Knowledge about our own thinking processes.
Down
  1. 2. Cognition, Theory stating that cognitive processes develop from real-time, goal-directed interactions between humans and their environment.
  2. 4. Strategies, A special kind of procedural knowledge--- knowing how to approach learning tasks.
  3. 6. Practicing a skill past the point of mastery.
  4. 8. A strategy that can be used in reading literature: Characters, Aim of story, Problem, Solution.
  5. 9. Thinking,Heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand.
  6. 10. Thinking, Evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem, the evidence, and the solution.
  7. 12. Fixedness, Inability in use objects or tools in a new way.
  8. 13. Practice/ Testing Effect, Practicingby retrieving information from memory instead of rereading or restudying--- more effective because retrieval seems to help memories consolidate in the brain and strengths the neural pathways so the knowledge is easier to find later.
  9. 14. General strategy used in attempting to solve problems.
  10. 17. Any situation in which you are trying to reach some goal and must find a means to do so.
  11. 20. Perseverance, The tendency to hold on to beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.
  12. 22. for concept mapping developed by the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition that are connected to many knowledge maps and other resources on the Internet.
  13. 24. A five-step reading strategy: Review headings; Examine boldface words; Ask, "What do I expect to learn?"; Do it--- Read; Summarize in your own words.
  14. 26. Putting your problem-solving plan and its logic into words.
  15. 28. Set, Rigidity; the tendency to respond in the most familiar way.